The Social Psychologist, Henri Tajfel And The Robber s...

In essence, life in and around the medical school plays a significant role in the range of attitudes and behaviours adopted by the diversity of students checking in and out of the building. With the large range of societies, interests, and cultures at large it is safe to say that students may identify with one or two groups and it was the social psychologist, Henri Tajfel [1] who was one of the first to claim an association between the groups we consort with and the attitudes we display. He explained with his own experimental evidence in the minimal groups paradigm study of 1979 [2], further supported by the independent study by Muzafer Sherif in the Robber’s Cave experiment of 1954 [3], that we embrace and endorse, on a sub-conscious and sometimes conscious level, the philosophy, work ethic and more importantly, the temperament of the groups we belong to. Recognising the impact of the ‘Doctors in Society’ lectures, SGTs as well as the CBM sessions, it becomes cle ar to see that the duty of candour and the weight on building upon values such as compassion, conscientiousness, must be universally accepted by medical students as fundamental to a prosperous medical career. Psychologically speaking, certain peer groups may have an impact on the timeliness and application of these values, for example the one who spends time with charity-based societies may find themselves more capable of demonstrating and appreciating compassion and conscientiousness and so therefore, a first pieceShow MoreRelatedMethods of Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination2228 Words   |  9 Pagesprejudice would be that of ordinary racist remarks whilst an example of discrimination would be the execution of the caste system in India. This question assumes that prejudice is common in this world, and that this problem needs to be solved. Psychologists have created four main hypotheses which can be used to solve this problem. The first hypothesis, the self-esteem hypothesis, it is said that if people have an appropriate education and higher self-esteem, their prejudices will go away. The secondRead More Conflict Resolution in Groups Essay4558 Words   |  19 PagesResolution in Groups Conflict resolution has been researched, analysed and discussed for many years; however, it is only until recently that psychologists have gotten involved on a wider scale. Up until then the study of relations has more or less been the preserve of political scientists, historians and professionals such as lawyers and diplomats. Much of the social science research has therefore been based on the previous; therefore the theories developed give a much deeper insight to the psychological

Cmn279 Final Report - 1348 Words

City of Toronto Grants Department Date: November 15, 2011 To: Mayor Rob Ford, Mayor of Toronto cc: Toronto City Council From: Senior Grants Officer Subject: Ford City Grants Fund Application from Toronto Arts Council The Toronto Arts Council has applied to a new fund, the Ford City Grants Fund, which was created for granting funding to non-profit organizations. Successful bidders will receive up to a $50,000 grant to offset costs from their operations and expenditures. This report serves to critically evaluate the Toronto Arts Council and determine whether it is worthy of receiving funding from the new Ford City Grants Fund. It will begin by providing a brief overview of the Toronto Arts Council and its†¦show more content†¦The Toronto Arts Councils primary objectives include providing grants to outstanding artists and arts organizations. As such, the Toronto Arts Councils activities contribute directly to Torontos cultural life and environment. 2. Benefits of arts and culture to Toronto’s Tourism industry The local arts and culture scene supports Torontos tourism industry, one of the key pillars of its economy. The arts and culture sector (which is a subset of Torontos Tourism industry) as a whole accounts for between 133,000 to 190,000 jobs and $9 billion of economic activity every year, comparable to other much-hyped sectors such as high-tech or biomedical (The Economic Importance of Culture to Toronto: Final Report, 2001). Toronto is famous for its liberal, expressive arts, and the local performing arts scene has been in the spotlight many times and received numerous rewards (Henry, C., 2009). Every year, flocks of tourists are drawn in by world-renowned theatre events and festivals. Examples include (Toronto International Film Festival Inc., 2011): * the Toronto International Film Festival, which draws in approximately 1.3 million visitors each season; and * the Canadian National Exhibition, which features 336 films from 64 different countries and draws in over 500,000 people annually, including numerous famous celebrities The Toronto Arts Councils activities and funding helpsShow MoreRelatedCmn279 - Final Report2268 Words   |  10 Pagesthe university to best identity which charity would be the most deserving of a donation. We have done this by collecting information from each organization and comparing them to see which charity best meets the set of criteria we have chosen. This report is comprised of the set of criteria we have used to compare each organization, the three alternatives we have chosen, a diagram and a recommendation based on our analysis. Significance of the Problem: Choosing the Charity that will Receive the RBSA’s

Sony Play Station Marketing Free Essays

The research and development for the play stations started in the 1990s. The play station was a combination and creation of Nintendo and Sony. The first play station was invented in 1994 and there were only 200 play stations made. We will write a custom essay sample on Sony Play Station Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now To improve Play station 1 Sony was made PS2 in 2000. PS3 came out on the 17th of November 2006. The PS3 was a better version of all the Play stations and it has more features. The PSP (PlayStation Portable) was released on different times in different places.In Japan on the 12th of December 2004, the PSP was released on the 24th of March 2005 in North America and it was released worldwide on the 1st of September 2005. The PSP had better and new features than the PS1or PS2. It had Wi Fi, Infrared Data Association and USB. http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/bl_playstation. htm 08-02-09 http://boardsus. playstation. com/playstation/board/message? board. id=ps3message. id=2121654 09-02-09 Product Life Cycle (Internal) Product Life Cycle Play stations PS1 PS2 PS3 This graph is the example of how the product life cycle of the Play Stations looks like.Introduction The introduction stage is that a new product has been launched. The sales start very slow off, this is because the product is new and unknown by the people. Companies have to promote and advertise the product to let the people know about the newly introduced product(s). Growth The PS3 is in the growth stage. PS3 was launched on the 17th of November 2006. The PS3 is selling well and is well known by the people. Sony has launched a new advert in November 2007 for Play Station 3 with Claudine Beaumont. This advert was launched to increase sales in Christmas. ttp://www. telegraph. co. uk/scienceandtechnology/3355312/Playstation-3s-new-advert. html 26-02-09 Maturity The maturity stage is when people know well about the product. People come back and purchase. It was launched on the 5th of September 2007 in Europe. The PSP Slim was created after the original PSP. PSP Slim is 33% lighter and 19% slimmer than the original PSP. The memory has been doubled from 32 MB to 64 MB. The web browser performance has also been improved and the screen is much brighter. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable_Slim_and_LiteSaturation The PSP is in the saturation stage. It is still bought by people and to keep selling the products Sony has made the PSP in Slim. The original PSP is thick. People can buy covers in different colors. The PS2 is at the end of the saturation stage. To keep up with the sales the shops which still sell PS2 have skimmed the price of the product to increase sales. There are also new games which are only for PS2s and these games are free or at half price when you purchase a PS2. Decline The decline stage is where the profits and sales start to decrease.The PS1 was a hit by the people and when the PS1 was at the saturation stage the expectations for the new PS was high. PS1 is down at the end of the decline stage. The PS1 is not being manufactured anywhere and people can not buy any new PS1s. PS1s can be bought as secondhand with games. Boston Matrix (External) The Boston Matrix looks at ranges of products and identifies if the product has market growth and or has a larger share in the market. The Boston Matrix is divided in four parts. Stars: when a product is in a star stage it has high market share and high market growth.To keep the sales high the organization needs a lot of advertising. Question Mark: The range of product has low market share but the market is high or is growing. To increase share in the market the organization might have to invest money in promoting the business or the products. Cash Cows: A cash cow means that the high market share is growing very slowly. The product is known by their consumers and is does not need much investment in advertising. Dogs: products are in this stage when a product range has low market share and has low market growth. The company does not need to manufacture the product(s).They have to sell all what they have made. The PS3 is at the Star stage and is has strength. PS3 has a high market and is very popular by the people. Through advertising and promoting the PS3, the product would stay with high market. To keep up with the sales it will cost Sony a lot of money to promote the product. The PS2 is in the Dogs stage. The stores, which still sell PS2, (for example Argos and available online at Play. com, Amazon. com, shopcafe. co. uk etc,) have to sell all the PS2s and there is no point in manufacturing more PS2s, because the PS3 is out and it has more features and better games than PS2.PLC Vs Boston Matrix The product life cycle method is better to identify where the product stands and how good the sales are. But on the other hand the Boston Matrix shows if the sales are keeping up and if the product has high shares in the market. The PLC looks more at the actual product where the Boston Matrix looks at the product(s) in general. The PLC method is better to use to identify the performance for all Sony Play station because you can see on one graph how the Play Stations and PSPs are performing. How to cite Sony Play Station Marketing, Papers

War Pigs free essay sample

A big way that these anta-feelings were expressed were through the sound of music, from notable artists and bands such as The Battles, Bob Dylan, ND Pete Stagger. The Vietnam War era of the mid and late uses to the early to mid asss is filled with songs that speak of Just how much people wanted the troops to come back home and how much they were against it. One song that really caught my eye was War Pigs by Black Sabbath.It Is a hard metal song that is widely considered one of the greatest heavy metal songs of all time and features one of the greatest guitar solos of all time. Its not a genre of music of which I linked to anti-war, or one hat I really enjoyed before, but It was a nice change of pace where I found very meaningful lyrics to go along with some skillful guitar, and the fact that Oozy Osborne was singing was the icing on the cake. We will write a custom essay sample on War Pigs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Going back to the music at the time period; people loved and agreed with all the anti-war media that was going on, after finally being able to see and hear the truth of the war right In their own living rooms watching the news, as reporters were actually being shipped off into the war and getting their video and news feed straight from he source, the people back home could no longer be lied to by the government of how they were winning when in reality they really werent. The can most notably be seen by the gathering at Woodstock In 1969.Woodstock was a music festival that took place over the three day period of August 15 to August 18, and It was built around the idea of peace and music, where many anti-war artists and bands played their songs that expressed their feelings toward the war. It was headlined by guitarist Jim Hendrix and featured 31 other acts that include The Who, Country Joe and the Fish, and Santa to name a few, but was declined by other notorious acts such as The Batt les, Led Zeppelin, and Bob Dylan.Woodstock was the place of about half-a-million people that gathered to hear their favorite artists and bands have their songs be played, and turned out to be one of the most pivotal moments in rock history, as it was much more successful than as originally thought out to be As far as War Pigs, the asss song is built around the idea that the rich politicians and rich people start wars for their benefit and have the poorer people go out into the battlefields and have them die for their behalf, that war is merely a tool for the richer people so that they may be able to get more wealth and power and that the soldiers are pawns In the process.This can be confirmed by a statement made by their bass guitarist Geezer Butler, how the song was directly intended at the Vietnamese War for that act reason, although vocalist Oozy Osborne says that the song was Just an anti- war song In general. By looking over the lyrics you can see how theyre feeling, for exampl e politicians hide themselves away, they only start the war, why should they fight? They leave that role for the poor directly relates to the main idea of the song, 1 OFF death and hatred to mankind which talks about how in the battlefields people are dying left and right as the war continues, and these are friends and family members to people back home, so obviously they would want them back.

Trust our Senses Essay Example

Trust our Senses Paper The world is a big place, filled with people full of curiosity and with their own individual quests. People are constantly talking, looking, hearing, smelling, and gaining knowledge from things and people from their environment. The scope of knowledge gained on a day to day basis is therefore vast. To what extent though, is this knowledge we acquire true? People are constantly seeking for answers to their questions or solutions to their problems; in a way, they seek a pathway to truth. The quote: rather than love, than money, than faith, than fame, than fairness give me truth (Thoreau) justifies that truth is a necessity of life and every man seeks it to distinguish between reality and fantasy. To understand truth, we need to know its three basic theories. The correspondence theory states that a statement is true if it corresponds to a fact. The Coherence theory says that a proposition is true if it fits in with our overall sets of belief. Finally, the pragmatic theory states that a proposition is true if it is useful or works in practice. We will use these three theories to understand when our senses can be trusted to give us the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Trust our Senses specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trust our Senses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trust our Senses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The human species are said to have the weakest of all senses in terms of potency because they can be easily deceived. Perception is a very sophisticated issue because not everything we perceive is real. Optical illusion for sight, not hearing low and high frequency sounds, knowing what a thing tastes like because of its label or the fact we know what it is, not being able to differentiate between different smells, and the reflex reaction for the sense of touch are vivid examples of how things we perceive through our senses sometimes differs from objective reality. We can simplify this by saying that senses just provide the raw information which is then processed through knowledge in the brain to give us a clear and bigger meaning of that information that we believe is true. Therefore, our senses themselves cannot be relied upon to give us the truth. Ultimately, we can never know the absolute truth but only get relatively close to it by combining our senses along with the ways of knowledge- this is the only time we should trust our senses to give us truth. Before getting into details of when we should trust our senses to give us truth, let us look at a classic example of Helen Heller. Even though she was not born blind and deaf, a disease led her to the pit of blackness at a very young age. She was the first deaf blind person to graduate from college. Sight and hearing are considered to be the most important of all senses because it is these that shed light on the outside world and help us stay in touch with our surroundings and communicate with the society around us. Helen proved that her senses were not the only requirements to know the events and survive in the bustling world around her, but language, emotions, perception, and reason- the ways of knowing are equally crucial in order to perceive the truth. Language is a human mode of communication that is not limited to verbal speech only; but also includes visual, auditory, or symbols that can be easily manipulated. Language is constantly surrounding us: when we describe something, express our feelings, write, point out at something, make a sad droopy face, or even when we touch someone or something. Language is one of the main ways by which we acquire knowledge from the world around us and is one of the many pathways that leads to truth because it is through language that we can express our beliefs. Language can also be seen in plants (chemically) and animals (special gestures or sounds through positive reinforcement) furthermore proving how involved it is in our day to day basis. A person like Helen Keller came to communicate by the sense of touch when she realized that motions her teacher was making on her palm, while running cool water over her hand, symbolized the idea of water. Because she was blind and deaf, she had no idea of the concept of language, words, or how to express herself. She found a way around this complication by the means of language through her sense of touch. She used the Tadoma method of touching the lips and throat of others as they speak, combined with fingerspelling letters on the palm. Therefore, she made the sense of touch her mode of communication (her language) and used it in her day to day life to acquire knowledge from the world of underlying facts around her. Over her years of experience and practice, she obtained a set of beliefs that unveiled the blackness and shed light on the world of facts around her, thus applying to the theories of truth. The Eskimo-Aleut language has a hundred words for the word snow; therefore they see the truth in much more detail because of the deeper meaning than other people who do not speak the language. Words can also mean different things in other languages and expressions (body language) can be easily misinterpreted. This is why in order to get the truth, one needs experience with language; this might take a long time but would take us closer to the ultimate truth. Emotions are often deceiving and can seem as an obstacle to the truth we seek. According to the James Lange theory, emotions are generally physical in nature and it is these that trick our senses. This suggests the weak property of emotions because it can be easily hindered due to our physical nature. For instance, if we are deserted on an island and have not eaten or drank anything for quite some time, our emotions kick in causing us to hallucinate and even the slightest sound would cause us to be suspicious. However, if the source of the problem was dealt to (hunger and thirst), then no such thing would happen. It is also because of emotions that our reasoning skills weaken. This also suggests that emotions can be controlled. Emotions however, can give us truth- for instance, if we see a dead mean and smell his rotting body, we would instantaneously feel sad and have a sick feeling. The fact is that the man has died, and believing that triggers the emotions, thus we know it is true the man has died. Emotions are very dodgy in terms of giving us truth. Thus, it is of great importance that reasoning (another way of knowledge) is introduced into the whole spectra in order to separate the hindrance of emotions from the truth we seek through our senses. Seeing that the Senses cannot decide our dispute, being themselves full of uncertainty, we must have recourse to Reason; there is no reason but must be built upon another reason: so here we are retreating backwards to infinity. Michel de Montaigne. This bias quote towards reasoning greatly implies the use of reasoning and logic in order to give us the truth, because senses by themselves are full of uncertainty. It is this that causes us to think about the validity of day to day arguments and knowledge we acquire and think of its greater implications in the world. It makes us question about things we already know and the new things we are told. For instance, when we think we see a dead man walking, we reason out that if a man is dead, his heart his not beating and there is no blood being pumped through his body, thus no electrical impulses are being send to his brain and therefore he cannot be walking, or in fact, he cannot be alive. Thus, we apply the basic facts of how the human body works and come to a conclusion that the dead man walking was not the truth because it fits in with our overall sets of belief. In order to get close to the absolute truth, we need to set apart our emotions just like Helen Keller did and think logically, or simply reason out. The final way of knowing- perception, is also vital for achieving the truth. Everything we see, hear, taste, smell, or touch, is not necessarily what we expect it to be. As said before, we know what something tastes like only because of its label or we can see what it is. If we were to blindfold a person and make him describe the texture of a rock and a pebble, he might not be very accurate in describing it unless he actually sees the size of the rock and the pebble. Usually, in perception, the confirmation by another sense is required in order to fully believe in what we see, hear, taste, smell, or touch. Helen Keller must have perceived the world in a very different way as compared to us. Losing two of her most important senses that help us perceive the world, her certainty of knowledge would be questioned. Certainty depends on perception, and perception depends on senses working together, and senses working together depends on reason and language, all of this combined is what gets us closest to quest of pathway of absolute truth we intend to seek.

European Invasion of North America essays

European Invasion of North America essays On July 24, 1534, Jacques Cartier erected at the mouth of Gaspe harbour and placed a thirty foot cross in the name of France. Cartier's "traffic sign had pointed the way for explorers, missionaries, traders and settler who had gradually changed, dispersed, and enclosed the Native populations." With the coming of the Europeans to North America, brought many changes to the land and the people inhabiting it. By the end of the nineteenth century, most of North America was Europe. The Amerindians became part of this "European mould". With the takeover, Amerindians were taken advantage of by the Europeans through trade, religion and land and eventually started to fade from the "new Europe" of North America. The native inhabitants greeted the arrival of the first Europeans warmly. The natives offered their unexpected visitors with hospitality, willingness to trade and provided the Europeans with advice on things such as food and transport. For the exchange of furs, the Amerindians took great pleasure in obtaining iron products and other commodities. With Europeans settling in North America, their purposes was to develop a commercial system of early modern capitalism. The trading post was set up to support this capitalist structure, which brought profit-oriented trading practices to the Europeans. In 1670, a monopoly was formed. The Hudson's Bay Company was the only company allowed to trade fur. The fur trade provided the framework for a profitable mutual partnership between the Amerindians and the Europeans. The profits from the furs, which went back to France, financed the European empires in North America. Slowly, the natives started to deteriorate. Traders found that the na tives were very fond of alcohol, and began trading alcohol to them. Traders found this the best way to satisfy the natives' demands as well; it would protect European profit. Many Amerindians perished from the abuse of alcohol. Tribes soon began tradin...

Global Cases in Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay

Global Cases in Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Sales team was more concerned of adding newer products to the existing portfolio so that diversity of products and wider choice would appeal to customers who are constantly on the lookout for newer and better products. Thus bonuses and targets were their prime concern. On the other hand the supply chain team was highly worried about out-of-stock inventory mix. When 30% of SKUs are registering below sales targets in volumes and profits, there is something really to worry about. The supply chain team was also worried about the service related challenges in order to fulfill customer demand (Scholz-Reiter, Frazzon & Makuschewitz). Against this backdrop a more comprehensive SKU rationalization strategy would be pertinent though it’s equally imperative to know how best to avoid supply chain bottlenecks and associated costs by way of reducing inventory of no-go-products. In other words a rationalization strategy would require a number of tasks to be performed before putting into effect any program of action. In managing supply chain related activity in procurement of materials the purchasing manager or the specialist has to perform a series of tasks according to some predefined criteria. In the same way the purchasing manager or the supply chain team has to take it to consideration the number of factors that directly and indirectly impact on their performance. In the first instance skills of the supply chain team would be enhanced by the vertically integrated organizational and management structure which essentially support the design planning and implementation of supply chain strategies, especially those directly related to the purchase of raw material and components for primary operations. Clorox was just faced with this problem (Hugos, 2006). The purchasing specialist has to focus on his tasks associated with procurement and management in order to achieve a degree of functional conformance to established standards such as the core business activity

Immigration and the challenges associated with socio-political Essay

Immigration and the challenges associated with socio-political integration in the European Union - Essay Example While the government has framed policies aimed at diluting specific differences that hamper active social participation and economic inclusion, differences associated with cultural identities have been fashioned into new processes of delineating and being a ‘true’ European. The governmental policies that aim at resolving differences between the native population and immigrants face major challenges owing to the large number of immigrants entering the EU from various developing nations. There are growing concerns about the immigration policies in both receiver and sending countries, wherein there are speculations about a large-scale increase in migration flows in the near future. According to various reviews, calculations on future flow of immigration from developing nations to the EU show that there may be 13.5 million immigrants within the EU, from the year 2000 until 2050 (Mansoor and Quillin, 2007). The calculations that give an average estimate are based on various e conomic and demographic factors significant in determining immigration flows. Along with these numbers, one must also take into consideration political, social and cultural aspects of the immigrants, owing to the intricate nature of the issue, closely related to human trafficking, irregular migration, and shifting borders. The demographic framework of a nation is greatly affected by migratory  movements, and owing to the inherent differences   in  socioeconomic and   demographic   structure   of  the immigrant   populations   in regard to   the   host   population,   migration   flows   significantly influence public expenditure, income distribution, demographic  evolution,   social  stratification  along with economic development (Amin,  1995).   With rising economic challenges emerging from a steady increase in elderly the population within  European  societies,  the  European  Commission  regards the  entry  and  integra tion of immigrants  within the EU  an added demographic challenge  that involves providing better living and working conditions, employment,  and education  for the immigrants and  working out a long-term, sustainable  budgetary plan (Linz and Stula, 2010). Immigration  may be triggered due to various reasons that may vary from political, economic, or personal  reasons,  while migration may also be  voluntary  or  even forced, and the later often involves human trafficking  (Kraler, Kofman, Kohli and Schmoll, 2011).  From a historical  perspective,  Europe  has always faced  migration  from different parts of the world. Prior to WWI,  during  the era of industrialisation,  there were large-scale transatlantic  labour migrations. Post WWII, during the period of severe economic crises and reconstruction,  Europe  became  an  important  destination for many immigrants.  This  was  mainly  due  to  large numbers of la bourers migrating  to the European continent from  various  parts  of  the  world  due to  work  shortage in their own countries (Castles and Miller,  2010). At this time, there were also intra-European  migrations, where  labourers  from  south  Europe  moved to various west European nations.   Subsequently there were  settlements  established, and  families brought over for reunification. Besides labour migration,  there were war refugees and  natural disaster  refugees that came  to  Europe  from the former USSR, Africa and the  Balkans, thus further adding to the social and cultural diversities within the EU population. In this context, the essay will review various research papers and analyse the different challenges associated with

Barclaycard's Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Barclaycard's Marketing - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that Barclaycard has been a success story of a creative media campaign sustained by a system of persistent value creation. Branding is a strategic approach adopted by organizations to create favorable perceptions about products among consumers. Barclaycard too adopted such an approach with a series of products including its debit card and the credit card. However, its subsequent success with the credit card came with the innovative brand value-creating efforts of t of brand value management. Some hitherto unheard of concepts were adopted by its management in order to innovate, reorient, strategically position and redefine its then existing strategic branding techniques. An articulate strategy of brand value creation along with a customer loyalty management approach was adopted in response to competitors’ threat to its core business. It was around this time that the management of the company realized the relative significance of a str ategic shift in its brand management and value creation approaches. Coupled with a mammoth advertising campaign, the company sought convincingly to introduce innovation, value for money and an individual value parameter as the new dynamic concepts in a customer-oriented promotion campaign. This strategic shift in company’s brand equity policy approach worked to such an extent that soon its rivals began to copy some of its fundamental principles... However its strategic environment as divided in to product and marketing strategy, competition strategy, growth strategy and financial strategy indicates that the organization has been faced with many constraints. Despite these constraints in its organizational environment, Barclaycard has successfully initiated some far reaching policy related outcomes. For instance Barclaycard related product and marketing strategy have been oriented towards achieving a series of positive mergers & acquisitions (M&A) related synergies including growth and competitive capabilities (Gaughan, 2007). This outcome is qualitativley and qunatitatively influenced by Barclay's M&A activity. IntroductionBarclaycard has been a success story of a creative media campaign saustained by a system of persistent vaslue creation. Branding is a strategic approach adopted by organizations to create favorable perceptions about products among consumers. Barclaycard too adopted such an approach with a series of products including its debit card and the credit card. However its subsequent success with the credit card came with the innovative brand value creating efforts of t of brand value management. Some hitherto unheard of concepts were adopted by its management in order to innovate, reorient, strategically position and redefine its then existing strategic branding techniques. An articulate strategy of brand value creation along with a customer loyalty management approach was adopted in response to competitors' threat to its core business. It was around this time that the management of the company realized the relative significance of a strategic shift in its brand management and value creation approaches.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tablets In Pharmaceutical Industry

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tablets In Pharmaceutical Industry Introduction Tablets are solid dosage forms usually containing active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients in powder, crystalline or granular form with or without diluents which is prepared either by moulding or compression process. They are solid, biconvex or flat in shape and vary in size, shape and weight which is depends on the medicaments which are used for preparation. They are also varying in hardness, disintegration; dissolution characteristics and thickness depend on their intended use and method of manufacture. Tablets are the most widely used solid dosage forms because of their advantages and popularity increasing day by day. Tablet usually contains filler, diluents, binders, lubricants, glidants, disintegrants, antiadherent, colouring agents and flavouring agents as excipients.[Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Eighth Edition, Loyd V. Allen, Jr, Nicholos G. Popovich, Howard C. Ansel, 2005, pp-228-245] Advantages of tablets Unit dosage forms with accurate, stable dose and great precision and least variability. Most stable with respect to physical, chemical and microbiological attributes. Cheapest oral dosage form, easy to handle, use and carry out with attractive and elegant appearance. Cheap, easy to swallow and production does not require and additional processing steps. Provide protection of medicaments from atmospheric conditions like air, moisture and light, etc. Provide prolonged stability to medicaments. Low manufacturing cost as compare to other solid dosage forms and large scale production is possible. Administration of minute dose of drug in accurate amount. Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar coating. Easy to divide into halves and quarters whenever fraction dose is required. Formulate as a special release products such as enteric or delayed release products. Packing and production is cheap and does not require more space for storage. Disadvantages of tablets Drugs which are amorphous and low density character are difficult to compress into tablet. Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for compressed tablets. Drugs with low or poor water solubility, sloe dissolution, high absorbance in GI tract may be difficult to formulate. Sensitive to oxygen drugs may require special coating. Cost of production may be increase because of coating and encapsulation to remove bitter and unpleasant taste. Some tablet may cause problem in bioavailability. Difficult to formulate liquid in tablet and swallowing is difficult especially for children and ill patients. Types of tablets There are many types of tablets according to the intended of use and manufacturing process. [A] Oral tablet intended for ingestion Compressed tablets: Tablets can be made by compression of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient with excipients by basic methods of tablet manufacturing. These types of tablets usually intended to provide raid drug release and disintegration. Tablets are coated after compression. Multiple compressed tablets: Multiple compressed tablets are prepared by compressing the material more than once. These are known as multiple layered tablets or tablet within tablet. Layered are depends on number of fills. Layered tablets are prepared by compaction of fill material in die followed by additional of fill material and compression. Delayed action or Enteric coated tablets: These types of tablets contain a coating which resist dissolution of tablets in Gastro Intestinal Track (GIT) and disintegrate in intestinal fluids thus rendering delayed release features. Enteric coating is generally apply when drug substance is unstable in gastric fluid and may destroyed or may cause irritation in gastric mucosa or to extent absorption of drug from intestine. Normally coating materials mixed with acid and acid functionality or modified natural polymers. Most commonly used coating polymers are: Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate. Sugar coated tablet: Compressed tablets may be coated with coloured or uncoloured sugar coating and the coater is water soluble and dissolve quickly after swallowing. Sugar coat protects drug from environment, remove bitter taste and odour, enhance the appearance of tablet and permit identifying information. Sugar coating has some disadvantages like increase coat of production, require expertise for coating, increase size and weight. Film coated tablets: Tablets are compressed with a thin layer of polymer which forms a skin like film over tablet. The film is usually coloured, more durable and less bulky. The coating is designed to rupture and expose of tablet at desired location within GIT. Most commonly used polymers are Hydroxy propyl cellulose, Hydroxy ethyl and propyl methyl cellulose. Chewable tablet: These types of tablets have smooth surface, creamy base and usually flavoured and coloured mannitol, rapid disintegration which allow dissolving quickly in mouth. These types mostly useful for administration of large dose to children and adults. [B]Tablet used for oral cavity Buccal tablets and sublingual tablets: Buccal and sublingual tablets are flat in shape and intended to dissolve drug in buccal cavity or beneath the tongue for mucosa absorption. These techniques useful for drugs which are destroyed by gastric fluid or poor absorption in GIT. Buccal tablets erode slowly and sublingual tablets dissolve quickly and produce rapid effect. Troches and Lozenges: They are intended to slowly dissolution mostly for local effect but sometimes for systemic absorption. Troches and Lozenges are disc shaped which contain active ingredient and flavouring agent in hard candy or sugar base. Dental cones: dental cones are designed to place in the empty socket for prevention of bacterial growth and sometime bleeding by containing coagulant. Dental cones release slowly for long duration. [C] Tablets for other routes Vaginal tablet: Vaginal tablets are prepared by compression and shaped to fit snugly on plastic inserter devices in uncoated bullet shaped or ovoid tablets which are inserted into vagina for local effects with slow dissolution. They contain anti bacterial effect and also called vaginal inserts. Implantation tablet: Implantation tablets are injected under the skin by giving a small surgical cut into the skin. A special injector a hallow needle and plunger may require for administration. Purpose of these tablets is to prolong drug effect from month to year. These tablets are implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneous so they must be sterile and packed in sterile container. [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7,21] [D] Tablets for solution Effervescent tablet: Effervescent tablets prepared by compression of granular salts which release in contact with water. Dispensing tablets: These types of tablets are no longer use because they had dangerous potential. They might be termed compounding tablets because it contain highly potent drug and pharmacist use it for compound prescription. Hypodermic tablets: Hypodermic tablets are soft moulded tablets which contain soluble ingredient and used for extemporaneous parenteral preparation by physician. They are no longer in use because it is difficult to achieve sterility and availability of stable liquid. Tablet triturates: tablet triturates are rarely use now a days because they are obsolete. They are small, cylindrical, molded which contain small amount of potent drug. They must be readily soluble in water and minimum amount pressure require during manufacture. Triturates inserted into capsules or dissolved in liquid to provide accurate potent drug. Tablet Excipients: Excipients are substance other that active ingredient in formulation of tablet. The roles of excipients are to ensure tabletting operation satisfactory and ensure that tablets of specified quality are prepared. Depend on intended use; they are subcategorised in different groups. However excipients affect properties of tablets. Diluents or filler A small amount of powder requires forming suitable size tablet for easy handling. Normally tablet weigh 50mg so some amount of bulk drug requires to incorporation in formulation of tablet which enhance size of tablet. These powders known as diluents or fillers. The ideal dilute should have following properties- cheap, chemically inert, acceptable taste, good compactability and dilution capacity, biocompatible, good biopharmaceutical properties and non hygroscopic. A single substance cannot fulfil all these requirements so different substance have gained use as diluents mainly carbohydrates and inorganic salts sometimes. The most common diluent is lactose because it possess a sires of good properties like dissolves readily in water, has a pleasant taste, non hygroscopic is fairly non reactive and shows good compact ability. Its main limitation is that some people have intolerance to lactose. Basically lactose exists in two forms crystalline and amorphous. Other sugar and sugar alcohols such as glucose, sucrose, and mannitol have been used as alternative fillers, mostly in chewable tablets or lozenges because of their pleasant taste. Other important example of the filler is an inorganic substance, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. It is insoluble in water and also non hygroscopic but have hydrophilic property i.e. easily wetted by water. It also has good flow ability and therefore it is used mostly in direct compaction. [Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007.] [ Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303.] Disintegrants: According to Michael, 2007, a disintegrant is added in formulation of tablet, which promotes drug dissolution and provide an effective surface area, when comes in contact to liquid and breaks down in small fragments. The process of disintegration for tablet occurs in main two steps [1] Tablet wets by sold and pores it [2] Breaks down of tablet into small fragments which include aggregation of primary particles into small drug particles. Disintegrant suggested in some mechanism such as swelling of particles, wetting reaction, repulsion of particle and particle recovery. Most common types of disintegrants in tablets are maize, potato and corn starch. the concentration of starch is up to 10% required but today normally modified starch or modified cellulose are used which are very high swelling disintegrants. So its requires typically 1-5% by weight which facilitate particle-particle repulsion. However, disintegrants can be mixed with other ingredients such as granules to increase effective disintegration of the tablet into smaller fragments. Leon Lachman et al, 1991, suggested that other group of disintegrants may function by producing gas, normally carbon dioxide, in contact with water. This types of disintegrants used in effervescent tablets and normally not in tablets that should be swallowed as a solid. The liberation of carbon dioxide is achieved by the decomposition of carbonate salts or bicarbonate in contact with acidic water. The acidic pH is obtained by adding citric acid and tartaric acid. [ Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. 3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303] Binder Binder is added to the tablet or filler mixture to ensure that tablets and granules have sufficient mechanical strength. There are several ways to add it in powder- Mixed with powder before wet granulation which completely or partially dissolves during agglomeration process by agglomeration liquid. Mixed with other ingredient as a dry powder solution before compaction process As a solution used as agglomeration liquid during wet granulation. Typically 2-10% of binders or dry binders are used in formulation. Most tradition common binders are starch, sucrose and gelatine but now most common are polyvinylpyrrolidone and cellulose derivatives which have improved adhesive properties. Examples of dry binders are microcrystalline cellulose and crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone. Solution binders are most effective therefore it is incorporated in granules. Glidant The role of the Glidant is to improve the flow ability of the powder. Glidants are used in formulation for direct compaction but they are also used in granulation process before tabletting which ensure flow ability of tablet mass for high speed production. Traditionally talc has been used as glidant about 1-2% concentration in formulation but nowadays the most commonly used glidant is colloidal silica added in very low proportion about 0.2% by weight.[ Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. 3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303] Lubricant The function of lubrication is to ensure low lubrication between solid and the die wall during tablet formation and ejection. High friction during tabletting can cause a series of problems such as inadequate tablet quality and may even stop production. Lubrication is most important which included in most of production. Lubrication can get by mainly two mechanism, fluid lubrication and boundary lubrication. In fluid lubrication, liquid is achieved between die surface and tablet surface which separates the moving surfaces of the solids from each other and reduces the friction. While in boundary lubrication, it is considered as a surface phenomenon, as here moving surface is separated by a very thin layer of lubricants. Such boundary lubricants are Stearic acid salts, primarily Magnesium Stearate which is most widely use due to its superior lubrication properties. Besides reducing friction, lubricants may also causes undesirable changes such as reducing tablet strength with bonding between the particles during compaction. Because of hydrophobic properties of lubricants, tablet disintegration and dissolution are often retarded by the addition of lubricants. Thus, minimum amount of lubricants are used, i.e. concentrations of 1% or below, often 0.25-0.5%.in order to avoid these negative effects, more hyd rophilic substances have been suggested as alternatives to the hydrophobic lubricants. For example, surface active agents and polyethylene glycols and sometimes a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances might also be used. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Antiadherent Antiadherent are substance which reduce adhesion between powder and punch faces which prevent sticking of particles to punches. The sticking is mainly affected by moisture content of the powder. Such adherence especially prone to happen if the tablet punches have marking or symbols which lead to a build of thin layer of powder on the punches which in turn will lead to an uneven and matt tablet surface with unclear markings or symbols. Some lubricants such as Magnesium Stearate have also antiadherent properties. However, other substances with limited ability to reduce friction can also act as antiadherent such as talc and starch. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Sorbents Sorbents are substances which has capacity to sorbing some quantities of fluid into dry state. So oil and oil-drug solutions can be incorporated into mixture of powder and compacted into tablets. Most commonly used sorbents are Microcrystalline Cellulose and Silica. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Flavouring agents Flavouring agents are incorporated into a formulation to remove unpleasant taste of bitter drug or to make tablet more pleasant or mask. This can be achieved by coating or by adding some drug particles. Most of Flavouring agents are thermolabile so it cannot be added in process which involve heating. They are mixed with granules as alcoholic solution. Colouring agents The aim to add colourant is to aid identification of tablet, improve looks of tablet and patient compliance. Mostly, colourant are added during coating of tablet but some of colourant may be added in formulation prior to compaction. Colourant may be added as an insoluble powder or dissolved in granulation liquid and the latter procedure may produce colour variation by migration of soluble dye during drying stage. Method of tablet preparation Three types method of tablet preparation- [1] Direct compression method [2] Wet granulation [3] Dry granulation Direct compression method Some chemicals have free flowing and cohesive properties so they are enable to compress directly in a tablet machine without granulation of it. Some chemicals lacking of these qualities so some excipients like filler, disintegrants agents, lubricants and glidants are used to impart these qualities for production of tablets by direct compression. Figure (A) Steps of direct compression tableting Some precaution must be taken during direct compression to avoid air entrapment which cause capping, splitting, or laminating of tablets. Forced feeders or induced feeders are used to reduce air entrapment, make filling powder more dense and amenable to compaction. Capping also may be caused by punches that are not perfectly clean and flawlessly smooth or by too much fines granulation. Some aged or improperly stored tablets also may exhibit splitting and other physical deformations. Wet granulation Granulation is process in which primary powder particles are made to form large and these types of multi particle called granules. In pharmaceutical industry, granules are useful in production of tablets and capsules in ranges of particle size between0.2 to 0.5mm. Granulation prevents segregation of constituents of powder, improve flow ability of powder, improve compaction characteristics of mixture and reduce toxic dust. Wet granulation is widely used method for production of compressed tablets which include flowing steps- Weighting and blending In this step, specified quantities of active ingredient, diluents or fillers, and disintegrating agents are mixed by mechanical powder blender or mixture until uniform. Most widely used fillers are lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, powdered sucrose, and calcium phosphate. Selections of filler depend on the experience of manufacture, cost and compatibility with formulation. Among the fillers, lactose is most preferred because of its solubility and compatibility, and microcrystalline cellulose, because of its easy compaction compatibility and consistent uniformity of supply. Disintegrating agents include croscarmellose, corn and potato starches, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVP), cation exchange resins, alginic acid and other materials which swell or expand on exposure to moisture and helps to breakup tablets in gastrointestinal track (GIT). Mainly croscarmellose and sodium starch glycolate are used because of their high water uptake and rapid action. Mostly up to 5-10% of starch is suitable for formulation, but up to about 20% may be used to facilitate more rapid tablet disintegration. The total amount of disintegrant is not always used but sometime it added in preparation of granulation and sometime half of it added to tablet formation which called double disintegration of tablet. One portion of disintegrant assist breakup of tablet into pieces and other portion breakup pieces into particles. Preparation of Damp Mass A liquid binder is now added to the powder to facilitate adhesion of powder particles. A damp mass resembling dough is formed and used to prepare the granulation. A good binder is very important for hardness of tablet and does not hinder the release of drug from the tablet. Most widely used binders are povidone, an aqueous preparation of corn starch (10-20%), methyl cellulose (3%), carboxymethylcellulose, and microcrystalline cellulose. Some drugs may be adversely affected by an aqueous binder then non-aqueous solutions or dry binder may be used. The amount of binders is a part of operation which maintains integrity of tablet after compression. However, care must be exercised not to over or underwet powder otherwise underwet can result too hard granules for proper tablet formulation and overwet can result too soft and tend to crumble in under wetting. After getting desired dump mass a colorant or flavorant may be added to prepare a granulation with an added features. Screening Damp Mass into Pellets and Granules The Dump Mass is pressed through 6 or 8 mesh size to prepare granules. This process may be done by hand or by special equipment which prepares granules by extrusion process. The final product are spread on large piece of paper in trays and dried. Drying the granulation Granules may be dried in special drying cabinets which is thermostatically controlled at constantly record the time, temperature and humidity. Fluid bed drier and tray drier are commonly used for during process. Sizing the granulation by Dry Screening After drying, the granules are passed through a screen of a smaller mess than that used to prepare the original granulation. The size of granules depends upon the size of the punches to be used. Usually 12 to 20 mesh sizes are used for granulation. Sizing of the granules is necessary so that the die cavities for tablet compression may be completely or rapidly filled by the free flowing granules. Voids or air spaces left by too large a granulation result in production of uneven tablets. Adding Lubrication and Blending After dry screening, a dry lubricant is spread over the granulation through a fine mess screen which contributes to preparation of compressed tablets. Among the most commonly used lubricants are talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, and sodium stearyl fumarate in ranges of 0.1% to 5%. Lubricants improve flow property of granules form hooper ti die, prevent adhesion during compaction, reduce friction between die and punch and provide a sheen final product. Figure (B) Tablet compression by wet granulation [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7, 21] Some special wet granulation techniques High shear mixture granulation Fluid bed granulation Extrusion- spheronisation Spray drying Dry granulation In this method, powder mixer is compressed in large pieces and subsequently broken down or sized into granules. In this method, either active ingredient or diluent must have cohesive properties. This method is basically applied to materials which cannot be prepared by wet granulation because of moisture degradation properties or thermo-mobile properties of granules. It is carried out by two steps: Slugging: After weighing and the mixing of ingredients, the powder mixture is slugged or compressed into large flat tablets about one inch in diameter. Slugs are than broken up hand or mill and passed through a screen of desired mess for sizing and sometimes lubricant are added and prepared by compression. Roller compaction: Instead of slugging, powder compactors may be used to increase the density of a powder by pressing it between rollers at 1 ton to 6 tons of pressure. The compact material is broken up, sized, and lubricated, and tablets are prepared by compression. Commonly used binding agents are methyl cellulose or hydroxylmethyl cellulose (6-12%) which produces good hardness and friability of tablet. Figure (C) Tablet compression by Dry Granulation [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7, 21] Tableting of granulation: There are different types of tabletting machines which are used in the productivity but similar in basic function and operation. They all compress tablet formulation within steel die cavity by the pressure exerted by the movement of two steel punches, lower punch and an upper punch. Problems in manufacture of tablet Capping and lamination: Capping means partial and complete separation of the top or bottom crowns of a tablet from main body of a tablet. While lamination is term used to describe the separation of the two or more distinct layers. Some reasons which are responsible for these problems are as follows: Air is entrapped among the particles during the compression process and does not escape until compression pressure is released. Die wall pressure causes enough internal stress to cause a crack which is due to plastic deformation of the particles during compaction. Sometimes due to deep concave or bevelled edge punches. Development of wear ring. This problem can reduced or eliminated by slowing tabletting rate, granules with sufficient moisture, pre-compression, using flat punches, correct adjustment punches. [Porter, S C, 1981, Tablet coating, Drug Cosmetic Indu, May 46, June 44, Aug 40, Sept 50] Weight variation: This is very important in process control measurement. If anything that can alter the die filling process can alter tablet weight, it causes weight variation because the weight of the tablet being compressed is determined by the amount of the granulation in the die prior to compression. Some causes of variation are large granules, poor mixing of granules with lubricants and glidants, poor granulation flow from hopper, double impression and punch variation. Picking Picking is the term used to describe the surface material from tablet that is sticking to being removed from the tablets surface by a punch. It concerns when punching tips have engraving or embossing Sticking Sticking is usually referred to adhesion of tablet material to die wall. Because of that, lower punch cannot move freely and additional force is required to overcome friction between die wall and the tablet. These problems can be solved by design large lettering, adding polishing agent such as colloidal silica or additional lubricants. Some low melting point substances such as polyethylene glycol may also cause sticking at the heat of compression. Such Remedies are addition of high melting point materials and consequently increasing size of tablet. Mottling: Mottling is term used unequal distribution of colour on a tablet with light and dark areas. Its due to colour difference of drug with excipients or drugs whose degradation product is coloured. Such problems might be solved by using colorants but it can cause mottling on the top of surface when granulation undergoes drying. To overcome difficulties, it require to change solvent system, binder system and by reducing temperature. Tablet coating Tablet coating is application of coating of material to the exterior of tablet with some intentional benefits. It is also intended for modified release applications. Main three types of coating are- Film coating Sugar coating Press coating Coating of tablets are for following purposes- [1] Protection from environment, light and moisture [2] To remove bitter taste of some tablets and for easy swallowing of tablets [3] Colour coating mask differences in appearance which effect on patient compliance [4] Rapid identification by manufacturer, pharmacist and patient [5] Functional films can enable sustained and enteric protection [6] Improve looks (elegance), masks and minor difference in raw material appereance [7] Enhance strength, reduce dust and cross contamination Film coating This is more modern and widely used for tablet coating. Most of newly launched coated products are film coated rather than sugar coating. Film coating involves covering of tablet by thin film layer of coating liquid (polymer). Coating liquid is sprayed in a rotating tablet bed or bed fluidised tablet which contains plasticizer, polymer, colourant and solvent. The drying condition permits removal of solvent and leaves a thin layer around each tablet. Sometimes aqueous solution or organic solutions are used to reduce elimination of volatile organic compound, health and safety and cost reduction purposes. Film coating polymer should have following properties- [1] Optimum solubility to facilitate dissolution of final product. High soluble for immediate release and low soluble for controlled release. [2] Optimum viscosity to permit and trouble free spraying of solution. [3] Optimum permeability to optimize shelf life of tablet preparation and some tuned to provide an effective barrier oxygen and water vapour. [4] Good mechanical strength to withstand the impact and abrasion encountered in normal handling which avoids cracks and imperfections. Cellulose derivatives like Hydroxypropylmethylcellulosa (HPMC), methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and Methacrylate amino ester copolymer are available polymer for film coating. Sugar coating Sugar coating involves the successive application of sucrose based solutions to tablet cores in suitable equipment. Some stages in production of sugar coated tablets are- [1] Sealing of tablet core- provide water proofing core from coating process and shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate are normally used in sealing process. [2] Sub coating- it is the actual start of sugar coating which provides necessary build-up to roundup the tablet edge. Bulking agents such as calcium carbonate or talc added in sucrose solution with gum. [3] Smoothing it increases tablet size to predetermined dimension by syrup solution. This solution contains pigments, starch, gelatine, acacia or opacifier. [4] Colouring- dyes or pigments [5] Polishing- tablets need to be polished to achieve final elegance by waxes like beeswax, carnubawax or hard paraffin. [6] Printing Difference between sugar and film coating Press coating Press coating involves compaction of granules material around core of tablet with the use of compressing equipment like Manesty Drycota. Today press coating is used in to separate incompatible placed core and coating layer. This process requires some care and large or irregularly sized agglomerate of granules may cause core to tilt in die. Disadvantages of process arise from complexities of mechanism used in compression equipment. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Sc

The Psychological Affects of the Holocaust :: European Europe History

The Psychological Affects of the Holocaust The Holocaust was a tragic point in history which many people believe never happened. Others who survived it thought it should never have been. Not only did this affect the people who lived through it, it also affected everyone who was connected to those fortunate individuals who survived. The survivors were lucky to have made it but there are times when their memories and flashbacks have made them wish they were the ones who died instead of living with the horrible aftermath. The psychological effects of the Holocaust on people from different parts such as survivors of Israel and survivors of the ghettos and camps vary in some ways yet in others are profoundly similar. The vast number of prisoners of various nationalities and religions in the camps made such differences inevitable. Many contrasting opinions have been published about the victims and survivors of the holocaust based on the writers' different cultural backrounds, personal experiences and intelectual traditions. Therefo re, the opinions of the authors of such books and entries of human behavior and survival in the concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Europe are very diverse. The Survivors of the Holocaust: General Survey Because the traumatization of the Holocaust was both individual and collective, most individuals made efforts to create a "new family" to replace the nuclear family that had been lost. In order for the victims to resist dehumanization and regression and to find support, the members of such groups shared stories about the past, fantasies of the future and joint prayers as well as poetry and expressions of personal and general human aspirations for hope and love. Imagination was an important means of liberation from the frustrating reality by opening an outlet for the formulation of plans for the distant future, and by spurring to immediate actions. Looking at the history of the Jewish survivors, from the beginning of the Nazi occupation until the liquidation of the ghettos shows that there are common features and simmilar psychophysiological patterns in their responses to the persecutions. The survivors often experienced several phases of psychosocial response, including attempts to actively master the traumatic situation, cohesive affiliative actions with intense emotional links, and finally, passive compliance with the persecutors. These phases must be understood as the development of special mechanisms to cope with the tensions and dangers of the surrounding horrifying reality of the Holocaust. There were many speculations that survivors of the Holocaust suffered from a static concentration camp syndrome.

Life Is What You Make It Essay

Playâ€Å" LIFE â€Å" A marvellous journey, a joyous song; smells of roses but also pricking thorns. A fairy tale or an interesting story long; yes this is life, take it, as it comes along. For a moment one is on success hunches; next day may be in disaster trenches. Reaping today the crops of joy, tomorrow the land may be barren and dry. Surrounded now by madding crowd; big gang of people but don’t feel proud. Later he may be a mourning loner; with none to love in the life fair. Endowed with success, do not go too high; flip of coin and good luck may defy. Also face the challenges with a smile; as even the darkest clouds will pass by. Life is continuity,no buttons to pause; a school but unknown is level of class. It cons you with the problems; but hidden in it are all the keys and solution. No absolutes or formulae for it are known; change is what every day shown. Stocked with loads of energy piecemeal; that fills it with enthusiasm and zeal. It has a few painful separations; but also some strengthening bonds of relation. It has myriad colours and emotions; sorrow and joy in equal sessions. SO†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Share, care and love your dears; no point in clinging on to your fears. For trifling grudges it is too short; do not let the failures you to thwart. Never hurt others, choices might distract; just sincerely follow your heart. Even amidst the agony never fret; do the best with what you get. Do not lose hope, keep learning new skill; march forward, life is a total thrill. Live without inhibition; as life is about surprises and wonderment. Instead of logic trust your intuition; have daily goals be it health or relation. Commit mistakes, you have every right; face it courageously with all the might. Do not envy but live uncluttered; fall in love anytime u want with whatever. First learn to enjoy and use the present; life will be then much more pleasant. So just a small adage to say; life is nothing but a stage play. Live every moment as it unfolds; each day is a new chapter to be told. Inevitable, lively and unpredictable; this trek of life is really adventurous. Nothing ventured, nothing gained is what they say; so go ahead and have your share of play†¦

Aa Meeting Reaction Paper Essays

Aa Meeting Reaction Paper Essays Aa Meeting Reaction Paper Paper Aa Meeting Reaction Paper Paper SAB 210 April 12, 2010 Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Reaction Paper I attended an A. A. meeting on April 5, 2010. Before the meeting I seemed very anxious. This was not my first meeting I have been to meetings before but they all seem to make me nervous. When I arrived the nervousness had eased off because everyone had made me feel welcomed. I was made to feel like a part of their family from the beginning to the end of the meeting. I seemed to have realized I missed going to these meetings and I miss the fellowship but it has not interfered with me staying sober. The meeting began with some readings. I read on the AA Promises which I thought was a waste of time. In my opinion I felt like they should have left the readings for you to read to yourself because the meetings are on a time frame and people seem to have a lot of other important issues to talk about and be concerned with other than reading the same readings every time. The topic of the meeting was on feelings and emotions which I definitely could relate to. As people discussed their emotions and feelings I started feeling sad for some of them. I did not realize how much pain these people are in. I could feel their pain as they talked about what was weighing so heavily on their minds. I sat there and thought what I could do to help them. I started to feel a little sorry for some of them because I feel they depend too much on others to keep them from drinking. Don`t get me wrong the support network they have is amazing but only you can do it for yourself. I wanted so bad at times to tell some of these people only you can keep yourself clean. I think some of these people acted like only these meetings could keep them clean. I do not believe that to be the truth. I felt sorry for one girl because her friend had just committed suicide and she was having a hard time not taking a drink over it but the ones with more recovery time seem to come to her rescue. However, I thought what these people would do without each other and how devastating their lives could be if they did not have one another. I wanted to respond to this girl and help her but I kept quiet and talked with her after the meeting. I felt proud of myself for trying to help her and who knows maybe something I said may have helped her. I will never know but at least I was able to walk away with a smile on my face. I also sat there wondering how these people sit here talking about alcohol and not want a drink. In my opinion the more you talk about it, the more you would think about it. More time should have been spent on the recovery process and less time on re-living the good old days. I did not like the arrogance that some of the old-timers displayed, as if they were better than the others because they had been sober longer. I sat thinking every one has the same problem in common and just because you have more recovery time does not give you a right to act like you are better than the next person. That part of the meeting made me lose respect for those acting that way. I wanted so bad to say something to that person but I remained silent. It was painful at times listening to the pain these people were feeling in their hearts. I only wished I had a magic wand and could have made each one of these people better. In addition to feeling their pain, I felt joy and was happy for them because they were at least trying to work a program to fight their disease which is extremely hard. I know this from experience. Struggling with alcoholism myself this meeting made me realize how far I have come in life and how much stronger I am today. I use to be one of these people in the rooms and I know what they face on a daily basis. These meetings made me want to reach out to everyone there and tell them it will get easier in time. My heart went out to all the people at this meeting. I could hear the determination they had in their voices. I admired these people for the battle they were fighting. I felt like each one of these people was strong and at least willing to not let this disease destroy them and their lives. However, I was angry as I sat there and listened to what this disease has done to people and how it had ruined their lives. I did sit there in my chair and think how blessed these people were to have each other. In conclusion, I feel A. A. has saved many lives. It offers strength, hope, and support to those struggling with alcoholism. I felt one hour just was not long enough. I wanted to stay longer and help those in need. The meeting seemed to put me back in touch with reality and had touched my heart. I felt so many different emotions and feelings at this meeting. At one point I became teary-eyed as a young girl spoke of what she had been through. It did make me feel uncomfortable holding a stranger`s hand when we formed the circle but I think by saying the Serenity Prayer it gave each one of them hope, wisdom, and the courage to start a brand new day without the disease eating away at their lives and to replenish their day with a new perspective on life. I feel this project was an opportunity for me to explore how much I have grown since I was last in the rooms. I was dreading this project from the beginning even though I was once a part of the A. A. family but I felt I wanted to give back what A. A. had given to me which was a chance to show another alcoholic that they can win the battle of alcoholism. This was the first meeting I attended for this semester`s project and I am looking forward to the second meeting in hopes of helping other individuals.

Different Approach Towards Lustration Social Policy Essay Essays

Different Approach Towards Lustration Social Policy Essay Essays Different Approach Towards Lustration Social Policy Essay Essay Different Approach Towards Lustration Social Policy Essay Essay After 1989, several post-communist states, Czechoslovakia among them, had to confront its communist yesteryear. The chief quandary: to forgive or to revenge to those who contributed to forty old ages long subjugation of cardinal human rights was non an easy 1. As many statements were for as many against both, revenge and forgiveness. Lack of grounds, load of corporate guilt raised inquiries about revenge. However, forgiveness entailed hazard of sabotaging delicate democracy. Czechoslovakia decided for revenge ordaining the lustration jurisprudence in 1991. Although, started from the same point, after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993, each state pursued wholly different attack in covering with its Communist yesteryear. In the Czech Republic, the lustration jurisprudence has been prolonged twice, enforced purely. In Slovakia, it expired in 1996. The essay nowadayss different Czech and Slovak attack in order to turn out that none of them led to satisfactory results. It assumes understanding evidences of these attacks, its strengths and failings can assist us hold on the state of affairs in which the Czech Republic and Slovakia find themselves now. The essay argues the lustration jurisprudence could be utile if it was formulated more exactly, enforced on a individual footing. Common Starting Point While being a common province, Czechs and Slovaks pursued the same attitude in get bying with their Communist past. First, in January 1991, the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly passed a declaration in conformity with all members of parliament, curates, their deputies, and civil retainers had to be screened for coaction with State Secret Police ( hereinafter referred to as StB ) . Ten months subsequently, the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly enacted the lustration jurisprudence as the first station communist authorities. This jurisprudence stated exactly who can and can non keep certain public places. A individual who was: member of StB, occupant, agent, proprietor of confederacy level , betrayer, ideological or witting confederate of StB, high-ranked functionary of the Communist Party, member of People s Militias, pupil, or researcher at one of the KGB universities for longer than three months, was excluded from public employment ( Act on Lustration 1991 ) . The jurisprudence was valid in Czechoslovakia until its disintegration in 1993. After 1993, the Czech Republic has kept the jurisprudence, whereas Slovakia let it expired in 1996. In order to understand better, why Czechs and Slovaks pursued wholly different attacks in covering with its Communist past, it is of import to recognize that this yesteryear, even though was common, and yet had some little niceties. Manner to the Lustration Law in the Czech Republic Comparing desire of Czechs and Slovaks for the lustration jurisprudence, Czechs decidedly insisted on it more than Slovaks did. Further development, when Czechs prolonged and Slovaks abandoned the lustration jurisprudence, merely confirms it. Czechs were the instigators of the lustration jurisprudence. As Nadya Nedelsky, political scientist specialising on human rights and transitional justness argues there are several grounds explicating diverged attacks in covering with the Communist yesteryear. She states that the government was non every bit tough in both states. As the chief ground why both states were non treated equally, she declares the different degree of dissent. Harmonizing to her, high degree of dissent in the Czech Republic led to stronger subjugation of Czechs, which after 1989 led of course to stronger protagonism for the lustration jurisprudence. ( 2004, 81 ) Furthermore, the character of political scene played an of import function. Even though many new Czech political leaders were instead ambivalent in their sentiments on the lustration jurisprudence, no 1 was strongly against it. Vaclav Klaus, the Czech Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998, several times expressed his belief that looking back into the yesteryear can forestall from traveling frontward in the present and future, but he ever voted for the lustration jurisprudence. Therefore, holding political support, the jurisprudence was successfully drawn-out twice, in 1995 and 2000, though Vaclav Havel vetoed its protraction. Last, the lustration jurisprudence was amended in 2000, allowing an freedom to individuals born after the 1st December 1972. These, if holding involvement in public employment are non obliged to subject either lustration certification or statutory declaration any longer ( Amendment of Lustration Act 2000 ) . Manner to the Doing Nothing Approach in Slovakia On the contrary, Slovaks did non pay much attending to the lustration jurisprudence. Many of them were more occupied with the thought of independent Slovak province at that clip. Here, Nadya Nedelsky once more comes up with the statement of unevenly tough government. She assumes that the deficiency of involvement in covering with past errors was due to low degree of dissent in Slovakia that led to lesser subjugation of Slovaks, and accordingly after the Velvet revolution to lesser involvement in transitional justness every bit good. ( 2004, 81 ) However, even more in Slovakia, the character of political scene played an tremendous function. Vladimir Meciar, the Slovak Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998 who gained his popularity for playing important function in a split of Czechoslovakia, did non hold an involvement in implementing the lustration jurisprudence. He was purely against it utilizing a counter-argument of human rights misdemeanor, even though it was under his authorities when Slovakia got to international isolation for ignoring the regulation of jurisprudence. Furthermore, Vladimir Meciar had personal involvement in abandoning the lustration jurisprudence as he was suspected to be confederate of StB. To large extent, thanks to him the lustration jurisprudence expired in 1996. Furthermore, the dependability of StB files suffered after he was accused of stealing and destructing those files that could discredit him. ( SME 2009 ) Since 1996, Slovakia has non adopted the lustration jurisprudence. Criticism of the Lustration Law The first ethical concerns about the lustration jurisprudence were raised shortly after it was adopted. International community condemned it. The headlines of worldwide respected dailies called lustrations in Czechoslovakia Witch Hunts , Holman hunts for Villains ( New York Times 1991 ) or Grounds for New Injustices ( Le Monde 1992 ) , depicting them as menaces to democracy, delicate anyhow at that clip. Many bookmans province that new Czechoslovak political leaders used precisely contrary statement, supporting lustrations as a mean to construct and beef up democracy. They believed if leaders and confederates with former government were given public employment, it would sabotage democracy. ( David 2004, 795 ; Williams 2003, 2 ) In this respect, it is hard, if non impossible to make up ones mind who was incorrect and right as Czech illustration proved that the lustration jurisprudence unjustly damaged repute of some people and on the contrary, Slovak illustration demonstrated th at absence of the jurisprudence facilitated to switch Slovakia from democracy. However, it is impossible to simplify the lustration jurisprudence to be bad or good ; we can still specify its strengths and failings. Political Rights Misdemeanor The first ethical concern raised was that the lustration jurisprudence deprives leaders and confederates with former government of political rights. Roman David, expert on comparative transitional justness provinces that the International Labour Organisation criticized the jurisprudence for being prejudiced towards the look of political sentiment and engagement in public life ( 2004, 790 ) . He challenges this concern. Although the jurisprudence prevented leaders and confederates of former government from public employment, the right to public employment was intentionally omitted from the European Convention of Human Rights ( 2004, 797 ) . Furthermore, he adds that the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989 excluded resistance, prohibited treatment and did non let free elections ( 2004, 799 ) . It can non be considered standard political party as it does non carry through general standards of a political party recognized in democracy. Therefore, it can barely claim the same legal protection which is given to other parties. ( 2004, 799 ) Furthermore, public employment is identified with certain values. Roman David uses an illustration of USA where the Supreme Court has confirmed several makings for public employees, such as trust , integrity and competence , fitness and trueness and impartiality , fairness and effectivity ( 2004, 797 ) . This shows that the public employment demands model behavior. The essay argues that person who contributed to subjugation of others can barely be an illustration for populace. In add-on, when placing former government and its histrions, its offenses should non be overlooked. Harmonizing to the Czech Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism, from 1948 to 1989, 205 486 individuals were imprisoned and 248 individuals were executed for political grounds, 282 individuals died when seeking to traverse western boundary lines, and 21 440 individuals were placed in forced labor cantonments from 1948 to 1953 in Czechoslovakia. Besides, these figures do non include amendss of those, who were deprived from possibility to analyze, work in their field, and were exposed to changeless chase of StB and regular questions, during which StB members were non loath to utilize violent patterns. The Communist Party non merely gave consent to these patterns carried out by the People s Militias that was armed forces of the Communist Party and by StB, it encouraged them to utilize them. The essay argues that their former members could stand for a menace to unstable democracy in Czechoslovakia, if they were given a opportunity to take part in public determinations. Who Should Be Dismissed? A Need for a Individual Footing While one ethical concern was solved, another popped up. If this essay states that a dismissal from public employment was legitimate under given fortunes, so who to disregard was in inquiry. As nil is black and white, simple division on bad and good proved to be impossible for a whole assortment grounds. Surely, 1000s of people collaborated with former government voluntarily for personal additions, to the full cognizant of injuries their actions caused to others. However, with new lustrations going public, new life narratives disclosed proved it was non ever the instance. Some people seemed to be forced to hold on coaction. Simply, they had no other pick if they wanted to protect their households and friends, maintain their employment, survey at universities or even if they wanted to go on dissenting against government. Merely a smattering of Czech and Slovak dissenters could state they were in such state of affairs and decided non to join forces. The political party Public against Violence ( hereinafter referred to as VPN ) , created after 1989 largely from dissenters was one of the number ones that decided to verify whether their campaigners ranked to this smattering and screened them for StB coaction. If they were positive ( intending, they had records in StB files as confederates ) , either they resigned or we withdrew them from their place. These were awful yearss. We saw life narratives of people who were broken in prisons, uranium mines, during their travels abroad or merely at work. Some of them were our long-time friends, Fedor Gal, Slovak dissenter and co-founder of VPN callbacks ( tyzden 2009 ) . Surely, there was no contention approximately high places in the Communist Party to be queued. Everyone who reached this hierarchal degree within the system non merely decided voluntarily, but besides had to set much attempt in order to make it. As Roman David argues, Merely devoted and loyal campaigners were granted rank. He stresses these were cognizant of illicit purposes of the Communist Party ( 2004, 802 ) . The StB confederates were besides witting members. However, in some instances StB members blackmailed them in order to do them subscribe the understanding on co-operation. The jurisprudence did non believe of these people. However, the biggest loophole occurred in the class of People s Militias members. As Roman David emphasises, even though People s Militias helped to suppress the resistance during the Communist putsch in February 1948, they did non needfully cognize this was its intent when they entered the organisation. Later on, when they realized it, they could non di sjoin the organisation, as it was about impossible with any communist administration. ( 2004, 802 ) Furthermore, non everyone who entered the People s Militias even after the Communist putsch shared its intents. The fortunes varied from instance to instance. This essay brings the narrative of Milan Kuta, published in the New York Times. Milan Kuta was respected oncologist when he was offered to take the Oncology Centre in non really favorite Czech town Chomutov in 1985. In order to acquire this employment, he had to come in the Communist Party and supply the People s Militias with first-aid classs. Never being active in political life before, he decided to accept the offer, as he knew it was the lone manner for the Centre to acquire appropriate fundss and for him to acquire more interesting occupation. However, in 1991, after the lustration jurisprudence was enforced, he as the manager of state-owned medical Centre found himself in unpleasant state of affairs. Coming under the class inconsistent with public employment, he had to vacate from his place. ( New York Times 1992 ) Nowadays, Milan Kuta still works in the Oncology Centre in Chomutov and is considered celebrated specializer in his field. If a function of the lustration jurisprudence were simplified to being a mean bring downing penalty on confederates with former government for their past errors, it would be hard to state what Milan Kuta did incorrectly. Furthermore, in this instance, it would be besides hard to support the lustration as a mean to construct and beef up democracy. The essay argues maintaining Milan Kuta in his station would non jeopardize democracy. He was non active in the Communist Party, and he neer collaborated with StB. The lone unfavorable judgment could come from giving People s Militias first-aid classs. The essay uncertainties this was inherently bad and it could be compared to prosecuting people and suppressing their cardinal rights. A load of corporate guilt was excessively heavy for Milan Kuta. Not merely he loosed his station in the Oncology Centre, he had to confront a contempt of society. Furthermore, Milan Kuta was non the lone instance. Many people were harmed by imprecise definition of some classs inconsistent with public employment harmonizing to the lustration jurisprudence and by the rule of corporate guilt, it imposed. The essay argues the jurisprudence was imprecise and unjust step to justice people who occurred in StB files, as it did non seek to look beyond for the grounds why they occurred at that place. Dependability of StB files Finally, besides the credibleness of StB files was questionable. Political leaders, old every bit good as new, in both states rapidly realized these could be utile tools for political blackmailing. Pavel Zacek, the Czech historiographer from The Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes in Prague claims, StB files were manipulated and 1000s of them perchance destroyed by StB, but besides the Communist Party, People s Militias, and ground forces instantly after the Velvet revolution ( SME 2009 ) . This intuition puts another inquiry grade behind the legitimacy of the lustration jurisprudence in Czechoslovakia. Adverse Consequences Although, public considers the alteration of government in 1989 for one of the most of import mileposts, common experiencing prevailing in both, Slovakia and the Czech Republic is disenchantment. The lustration jurisprudence in the Czech Republic or its absence in Slovakia did convey instead dissatisfaction. The Czech Republic Eighteen old ages passed since the lustration jurisprudence in the Czech Republic has been in force. It surely played an of import function after 1989. A fright that leaders and confederates with former government could sabotage was apprehensible. However, this essay argues that the jurisprudence is non well-founded any longer as this fright is groundless in the Czech Republic being a portion of the European Union since 2004. In add-on to it, the lustration jurisprudence seemingly did non carry through its function in decommunisation. Harmonizing to the latest polls of STEM bureau, forty old ages of communist subjugation would non deter 12.3 % Czechs to vote for the Communist Party in following election. Furthermore, even though, the jurisprudence disqualified leaders and confederates of former government from keeping public places, and members of the current Communist Party who are MPs at the same clip were screened every bit good, the jurisprudence brought inauspicious effects of a comparable extent in other sense. Too wide and imprecise definition of the jurisprudence excluded from public employment excessively many people who did non play an of import function in former government. In add-on, some of them were accused of join forcesing unjustly. No compensation would convey these people their repute back. Slovak republic Thirteen old ages passed since the lustration jurisprudence expired in Slovakia in 1996. Absence of the lustration jurisprudence in Slovakia caused that leaders and confederates of former government pervaded into new political system easy, and now can be found in many other parties throughout the political spectrum, apart from the Communist Party. Thus, even though the figures speak about 3.1 % support for Communists, in fact these refer merely to the Communist Party ( FOCUS 2009 ) . Lack of public and political involvement in settling the yesteryear resulted besides in church being riddled by former Communists. The most known is the instance of Jan Sokol, former Roman Catholic archbishop accused of join forcesing with former government. Even though, his name popped up in StB files as of campaigner for coaction, and subsequently on as of agent, he neer admitted it or offered his surrender. ( Nation s Memory Institute 2004-2009 ) Not holding the lustration jurisprudence, Slovakia did non hold any mechanisms to retreat Jan Sokol from his place. Again, likewise as in the instance of Milan Kuta, Jan Sokol is non an exclusion. In add-on, Slovak political development after 1989 is the instance in point, what important function the lustration jurisprudence plays in democratization procedures. Slovakia with its doing nil attack in covering with the Communist yesteryear, proved to be weak to protect its immature democracy, as Vladimir Meciar s authorities seemingly did non follow with democratic rules. Decisions Overall, both, Czech and Slovak attack towards lustration did non convey satisfactory results. The Czech attack being excessively rough unjustly punished excessively many people, even though helped to keep democracy. On the contrary, Slovak attack being excessively soft resulted in displacement from democracy and political relations riddled by former Communist. Therefore, the importance of the lustration jurisprudence is non a inquiry. However, in order to convey societal benefit, it needs to be more precise and case-by-case based. Mentions Czech Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism. The Number of Casualties of the Communist Regime in Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989. hypertext transfer protocol: //web.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/policie/udv/popraveni/obeti/index.html ( accessed December 4, 2009 ) David, Roman. 2004. Transitional Injustice? Criteria for Conformity of Lustration to the Right to Political Expression . Europe-Asia Studies. 56, no. 6: 789-812. Engelberg, Stephen. 1992. The Velvet Revolution Gets Rough. New York Times. May 31. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/magazine/the-velvet-revolution-gets-rough.html ( accessed December 4, 2009 ) Federal Assembly of the Czechoslovak Federative Republic. 1991. Z A ; aacute ; kon, ktor A ; yacute ; m sa ustanovuj A ; uacute ; niektor A ; eacute ; vitamin D ( alsie predpoklady na V A ; yacute ; kon niektor A ; yacute ; ch funkci A ; iacute ; v st A ; aacute ; tnych org amp ; aacute ; noch a organiz A ; aacute ; curie A ; aacute ; ch C ( eskej a Slovenskej Federat A ; iacute ; vnej Republiky, C ( eskej republiky a Slovenskej republiky. ( Act on Lustration ) 455/1991. FOCUS ( Marketing and Social Research bureau in Slovakia ) . Electoral Political Party Preferences for November 2009, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.focus-research.sk/files/110_Preferencie % 20politickych % 20stran_ % 20nov2009.pdf ( accessed December 4, 2009 ) Gal, Fedor. 2009. Lustracie III. Tyzden ( Slovakia ) . August 30. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tyzden.sk/casopis/2009/35/lustracie-iii.html ( accessed December 4, 2009 ) Monroy, Catherine. 1992. Difficile lustration en Tch A ; eacute ; coslovaquie Le kind R A ; eacute ; serv A ; eacute ; aux anciens communistes risque de donner lieu A ; agrave ; de nouvelles unfairnesss. Le Monde. February 24. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi? offre=ARCHIVES A ; type_item=ART_ARCH_30J A ; objet_id=398186 ( accessed December 4, 2009 ) State s Memory Institute. 2004-2009. Spr A ; aacute ; va StB Bratislava ( The StB Report Bratislava ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.upn.gov.sk/regpro/zobraz.php? typ=kraj A ; kniha=88 A ; strana=62 A ; zaznam=82158 ( accessed December 4, 2009 ) Nedelsky, Nadya. 2004. Divergent Responses to a Common Past: Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic and Slovakia . Theory and Society. 33, no. 1: 65-115. New York Times, national edition. 1991. A Witch Hunt in Prague? April 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/opinion/a-witch-hunt-in-prague.html ( accessed December 4, 2009 ) STEM ( The Centre for Empirical Survey in the Czech Republic ) . STEM Political Party Preferences for November 2009, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stem.cz/clanek/1884 ( accessed December 4, 2009 ) TASR, Meciar vyuzival materialy StB, tvrdi cesky historik ( Meciar abused StB stuff, says the Czech historiographer ) , SME, October 7, 2009. Williams, Kieran. 2003. Lustration As the Securitization of Democracy in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic . The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 19, no. 4: 1-24.

Human and Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human and Addiction - Essay Example Television Addiction It is satirical that many people globally are mostly harmed with what they love most. Things that lead people to addiction and eventually land them to problems are not basic things, but luxury things. It is not compulsory for people to take alcohol especially those who do not have control of it because they know that they will eventually land into problems. Strong desire of things is not only associated to physical substances. Those obsessed to gambling find it to be uncontrollable while those who are addicted to sex find it to be fanatical. Globally people are addicted to televisions, when somebody does not have appetite of a certain meal or he does not want to share in a discussion, they usually take the remote control to get consolation from the television. Parents are bothered with how their children are watching television yet they too have the same problems. Researchers have concluded that people who are addicted to television usually engage in conversation s while their eyes are stuck to the television. It does not matter whether the conversation is important, these people cannot turn their eyes away from the television (Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi 1). ... They usually have a strong desire to watch the television, albeit they wish to stop watching the television excessively, but they usually fail to control themselves. These people continue watching television despite the consequences it accompanies. These characteristics are mainly connected to people who watch television frequently. It should be noted that watching television is not challenging because it entertains, educates and informs people. The problem usually sets in when the individual has a strong desire of watching the television and he cannot control it. The amount of time spent in watching television is unbelievable because many people save their time of work and others even sacrifice their sleep to watch television. Due to these trends, people who are age eighty have watched television for ten good years. Many broadcasters argue that people who watch television do it out of their own will but what is not understood is why this people usually complain on their watch to the television. When explorations were carried out, more than half of the populace complained of disproportionate TV watching (Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi 2). Various researches have been carried out to detect people reactions in watching television with the use of highly sophisticated equipments in the laboratory. The work of these machines is to detect how the brain, skin and heartbeat react to watching television. Another method that was used to detect reactions of watching television in normal life apart from the controlled environment in the laboratory was Experience Sampling Method. In this method, the participants were required to carry around a beeper in their pockets and they were alerted six to eight times so as they could write what they were doing