Development of Women during the 1920's to the 1930's Essay

Moderation Essays - Dorothea Dix, United States Sanitary Commission

During the 1800s, there were not many expense upheld schools. These schools were intended to instruct poor people and individuals didnt feel like their well deserved cash ought not go to another person. In the end, traditionalist Americans progressively observed the way that on the off chance that they didn't pay to teach different people groups kids, those children may grow up and tie together, with the vote as their weapon of decision. Tax collection for instruction was a protection premium that the well off paid for strength and vote based system. After this acknowledgment, government funded training developed in the north, yet like in every single other circumstance, the south lingered behind. As masculinity testimonial expanded during Jacksons administration, a free vote cried out loud with the expectation of complimentary training. In any event, as indicated by the third president himself, A cultivated country that was both oblivious and free never was and never will be. As sta te funded training expanded, the celebrated minimal red school building turned into a staple of US majority rules system. Be that as it may, it wasnt. It was definitely not great. This was particularly appeared by the evaluation of instructors. The educators were not well prepared, cantankerous, not well paid. They were as acceptable at instructing as riff raff is at rapping. At that point along came Horace Mann. A Brown alumni and the secretary of the Massachusetts Department of Education, he adequately crusaded for more and better schools, longer school terms, higher educator pay, and extended educational program and he got his solicitations. The instruction framework was such an extensive amount an issue, Abe Lincoln even said on his own youth training, there was literally nothing to energize aspiration for training. Still after the entirety of this, by 1860 there were just around 100 optional schools and still about 1 million unskilled grown-ups. Blacks were still legitimately i llegal to get guidance in perusing or composing, even free ones. Floyd Mayweather would fit right in. To help battle this absence of training, Noah Webster, a Yale graduate regarded the schoolmaster of the republic, composed perusing exercises intended to advance enthusiasm and utilized by millions in the nineteenth century. He likewise composed the webster's word reference and spent in excess of a fourth of his life doing as such. There was additionally William H. McGuffey. A local Ohioan, McGuffeys perusers instructed of ethical quality, nationalism, and optimism and sold in excess of 122 million duplicates in the decades after 1830. That is a greater number of books sold than Tom Bradys total assets. Despite the fact that introspective philosophy was at a high, individuals wanted advanced education because of the previous second incredible arousing. This second coming prompted numerous little aesthetic sciences universities in the south and west. The first state bolstered state f unded colleges were in the south. UNC in 1795 and UVA in 1819 which was the brainchild of TJeff. These schools strived for opportunity from strict and political shackles. Indeed, even with these advances, womens advanced education was disapproved of. Their place was accepted to be at home and preparing in sewing as opposed to variable based math. It was a typical origination that an excess of learning harmed the female mind, subverted wellbeing, rendered a woman unfit for marriage. Emma Willard attempted to change this generalization by building up Troy Female Seminary in 1821. This was trailed by Oberlin College opening ways to ladies in 1837 and the formation of Mount Holyoke Seminary. As individuals desired more information, charge upheld libraries got expanding famous. Alongside this came lyceum addresses were likewise conspicuous where taught talkers like my (6 greats cousin) Ralph Waldo Emerson talked about science and reasoning across the nation. Magazines likewise thrived li ke the North American Review and Godeys Ladys Book during this time. The second extraordinary arousing brought hopeful guarantees which enlivened numerous to do fight against the natural disasters. Reformers envisioned once again the old Puritan vision of a general public liberated from war, liquor, and segregation particularly liberated from subjugation. Ladies were solid advocators particularly in their own battle for testimonial. There was a longing to reaffirm conventional qualities. - Unfortunately, Debtors Prison was as yet an issue as late as 1830. Many destitute individuals were destitute now and then for owing not exactly a dollar, however as beset workers won the polling form, state lawmaking bodies step by step canceled it. Similarly as with this, criminal codes in states were being mellowed. There was a decrease in capital offenses. Severe disciplines like whipping and marking were being

50 Places That Will Give You Free Stuff on Your Birthday

50 Places That Will Give You Free Stuff on Your Birthday 50 Places That Will Give You Free Stuff on Your Birthday 50 Places That Will Give You Free Stuff on Your BirthdayFriends and family didnt get you any birthday gifts this year? Well, head on down to the local Baskin Robbins or Subway for a free birthday treat instead.If it’s your birthday, then you deserve free stuff. It’s just that simple. However, we wouldn’t suggest that you walk into any old store and start taking the things you want. That is called stealing, and it is illegal. Even on your birthday.Don’t worry, though. We got you. Here’s a list of 50 businesses where you can get special freebies for your birthday.1. Applebee’s: Sign up for the Applebee’s email list and get a birthday coupon for a free dessert.2. Arby’s: Get a coupon for a free birthday shake when you  sign up for mobile offers from Arby’s.3. Au Bon Pain: Become a member of the Au Bon Pain eClub  and get a coupon for a free sandwich or salad on your birthday.4. Auntie Annies: You’ll get an extra special offer during your birthday month when you get t he My Pretzel Perks mobile app.5. Baskin Robbins: Sign up for the Baskin Robbins Birthday Club and on your birthday they’ll send you a coupon for a free two-and-a-half ounce scoop and three dollars off an ice cream cake.6. Chick-fil-A: All members of the Chick-fil-A One  program receive a free birthday reward.7. Chili’s: Join Chili’s My Chili’s Rewards program and you’ll be eligible for a free birthday dessert.8. Cinnabon: Enter your birthday when you subscribe to Club Cinabon and they’ll send you a “special present” to help sweeten the celebration.9. Cold Stone Creamery: One of the perks of the My Cold Stone Club Rewards program is a “Buy One, Get One Free” account loaded into your account for your birthday.10. Culver’s: Get a free sundae on your birthday when you join Culver’s eClub.11. Dairy Queen: The folks at Dairy Queen have upped their game. Not only does signing up for the Blizzard Fan Club mean an “extra special coupon” for your birthday, it mean s a surprise for your half-birthday, too!12. Del Taco: Join Del Taco’s Raving Fan eClub and receive a free premium shake on your birthday. Choose from vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry.13. Denny’s: You can celebrate your birthday with a free Grand Slam breakfast on your birthday. Restrictions may apply so probably call your local Denny’s ahead of time to double check.14. Dunkin Donuts: Sign up for DD Perks and you’ll get a coupon for a free beverage of any size that you can enjoy anytime during your birthday month.15. Einstein Bros. Bagels: Add your birthday when you sign up for a Shmear Society account and youll receive a coupon for a free egg sandwich.16. Famous Dave’s: Get a tasty birthday gift when you join the  Famous Nation email list.17. Firehouse Subs: Sign up for Firehouse Rewards and get a free medium sub on your birthday.18. Friendly’s: Joining Friendly’s BFF Club not only means a free birthday sundae for you, it means free birthday sundaes for your kids as well.19. Great American Cookies: You can get a free slice of birthday cookie cake (with the purchase of a soda) by signing up for Great American Cookies’ Cookie Club.20. Houlihan’s: Join Houlihan’s Email Club and you’ll receive a free entree on your birthday.21. IHOP: Sign up for the IHOP’s adorably named MyHop program and you’ll be eligible for a free meal on your birthday.22. Jack in the Box:  Subscribe to Jack in the Box’s email newsletter  for two free birthday tacos.23. Jamba Juice: Get a free birthday smoothie or juice with  Jamba Insider Rewards.24. Jersey Mike’s Subs: Members of Jersey Mike’s Email Club receive an email on their birthday for a free regular sub and 24-ounce drink that is valid for the next year.25. Johnny Rockets: Sign up for Johnny Rockets’ Rocket eClub and get a free birthday burger.26. Krispy Kreme: Joining Krispy Kreme’s More Smiles rewards program means getting a free treat for your birthday.27. Longhorn Steakhouse: Sign up for the Longhorn Steakhouse Rewards Program and get a free dessert on your birthday.28. Noodles and Company: You’ll get a free Rice Crispy Treat on your birthday when you sign up for the NoodlesREWARDS program.29. Olive Garden: Get one free birthday dessert when you sign up for Olive Garden’s eClub.30. Orange Julius: One of the perks of membership in the Julius League is a Buy One, Get One Free coupon for your birthday.31. Panda Express: Signing up to receive emails from Panda Express means that you’ll get an exclusive offer on your birthday.32. Panera Bread: Register for a  MyPanera account and get special birthday reward.33. P.F. Chang’s: Membership in P.F. Chang’s Rewards Program means a special birthday reward.34. Pinkberry: Members of the Pinkcard loyalty program get a free yogurt on their birthday.35. Qdoba Mexican Grill: Get a free treat on your birthday when you sign up for Qdoba Rewards.36. Redbox: Join Redbox Perks and receive a free one-night DVD rental for your birthd ay month.37. Red Lobster: Get  a special birthday coupon with the My Red Lobster Rewards program.38. Red Robin: One of the rewards you’ll receive when you join the Red Robin eClub is a free burger during the month of your birthday.39. Ruby Tuesday: Receive a free special treat on your special day when you subscribe to Ruby Tuesday’s SO CONNECTED program.40. Sbarro: The famed pizzeria offers birthday surprises for members of the  Sbarro Slice Society.41. Sephora: You can get a free gift of mini products during your birthday month when you’re a Sephora Beauty Insider member.42. Sprinkles Cupcakes: All three levels of the Sprinkles Perks program comes with a free cupcake on your birthday.43. Starbucks:  As a Starbucks Rewards member, you get a free beverage on your birthday plus 15 percent off purchases at Starbucks’ online store.44. Subway: Sign up for a MyWay Rewards Card and get 20 free points in your account on your birthday that you can redeem for a number of different men u items.45. TCBY: You can get a special birthday treat when you sign up for the myTCBY loyalty program.46. Texas Roadhouse: Their  VIP Program  will send you a special email offer for your birthday.47. TGI Fridays: You’ll receive a coupon for a free dessert during your birthday month when you become a TGI Fridays Rewards member.48. Waffle House: Do you want a free waffle to celebrate your birthday? Then become a member of the Waffle House Regulars Club.49. Wing Stop: People who join  The Club from Wing Stop get a free gift on their birthday.50. Zaxby’s: Receive a postcard for a free birthday Nibbler when you join the Zax Mail Club.Want to learn more about ways you can save money? Check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Make Money Online: The Ultimate Resale GuideNeed Cash Fast? Try These 10 Great Side Hustles10 Tips to Help You Score That Big PromotionWhats your favorite place to get a free birthday treat? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Fa cebook  and  Twitter.

Spain The Kingdom Of Spain - 1277 Words

Spain Spain ranks amongst the top five countries in the world with the fewest lives lost, yearly. This is due to fundamentally decisions that the government has sanctioned for the people to garner a better and safer way of life. Because of these decisions, Spain continues to climb the worldly charts yearly, while becoming a stronger and a more economically balanced country. Spain, officially known as the Kingdom of Spain, resides inland northwest off the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, and Portugal. The Mediterranean Sea lines the countries northeast boundaries, and France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay line its northern boundaries. The country is 194,884 square miles or, 754 miles of boarders and occupies its space in southwest Europe. â€Å"The 754 miles (1,214 km) of border with Portugal is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union.† (WPR) Madrid is the nation’s capital and is statically the most populated and largest city in the country. There are num erous things to understand why Spain sits superior to other countries. The people and population play an iatrical factor, considering that the country growth rate is at 0.654 percent, per year. Spain’s religion plays an important part because estimated show that 63 percent of the country does not actively play a role in practicing their religion. Spain’s government segregates itself much as if America’s is, with the exception of a hereditary monarch (head of state), Prime Minister (President), and aShow MoreRelatedThe Kingdom Of Spain And Spain1030 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction History The Kingdom of Spain is a picturesque country with a very interesting history, vast art scene, and rich culture. People first came to Spain in about 2500 B.C but in 715 A.D, the Muslims conquered Spain which stayed under Muslim rule for over 700 years. In 1492, the Christians overthrew the Muslims, and from the 15th to the 17th century, Spain was the most powerful country in the world. In 1939, a General in Spain’s Army and a staunch dictator launched a coup against the electedRead MoreThe Languages Of Spain And The United Kingdom1091 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean societies have strong sentiments towards using language and its history as the means of shaping regional identity against national identity. This essay thus discusses the languages of Spain and the United Kingdom. Spain’s 17 autonomous regions are grounded in historical tensions of peripheral, or regional, and nationalist movements, and the struggles to demarcate ethnic values from the civic. It amounted with the Castilian language as the assimilating tool of Franco’s nationalistic regimeRead MoreQuestions On Financial Exchange Rate Of United Kingdom And Spain Under Purchase Power Parity1835 Words   |  8 Pagestemplate as the FIRST PAGE of your submission ASSIGNMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE counting 25% towards the overall assessment Name: Konstantina Parmaxi Roll number:@00351508 Title: Is it possible to measure future exchange rate of United Kingdom and Spain under Purchase Power Parity Word-count* (excluding references and appendices and this template): 1300 Please make sure that you can answer YES to the following I am handing in a report as indicated in the Project Notes in the manual of testsRead MoreSpain Before the Golden Age: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella 933 Words   |  4 Pageswas Spain like before the Golden Age? King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled the kingdoms that eventually became the country of Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella were intent on having a kingdom free of any faith other than Christianity. Many people were killed or even banished from the country. King Ferdinand and Isabella moved their kingdom into a great age for Spain, but did not achieve this in the best way. The marriage of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella joined their family’s two kingdoms. QueenRead MoreEssay about Spanish Government1404 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment was a monarchy known as the Visogothic Kingdom. The kingdom first started in 587 A.D. and lasted until 712 A.D. One of the rulers of this preriod was King Rodrigo. He was defeated at the battle of Guadalete. The total number of years for the kingdom was 125 years. Muslim Spain was started by the Witiza Family. They caused the down fall of the Visogothic Kingdom. By the middle of the 8th century the muslims had made a strong hold in Spain. They put king Abd al-Rahman in to power. He feldRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of King Philip II864 Words   |  4 PagesWas Philip II of Spain a successful absolute monarch during his rule? Many people believe he had what it took to be absolute monarch, but there were several constraints he faced as a ruler in Spain. Philip II was known for building one of the largest empires from creating effective domestic and foreign policies to gain leadership of his kingdom instead of the local authorities in charge, but he did face problems while ruling the kingdom. His addressed many of these policies, such as the policy againstRead MoreThe Accomplishments of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain1525 Words   |  7 Pagespeople have heard of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. However, only some know of all the things they accomplished. They might be best known for funding the voyages of Christopher Columbus, but they also greatly contributed to the unity of Spain (â€Å"Isabella l†). Together, they brought many kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula together to form what Spain is today. Through Spain’s unification, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella strengthened Spain into an economic and dominant world power, enabling theRead MoreIn the Devils Snare Book Report1585 Words   |  7 PagesElliot, J.H., Imperial Spain: 1469-1716. London: Penguin Books, 1963. 423pgs. In Imperial Spain, J.H. Elliot examines the history of early modern Spain from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, to the reformation of the Spanish government by the first member of the Bourbon dynasty. According to the author, at the start of the 15th century, Spain was internally weak, hopelessly divided and isolatedRead MoreSpanish Culture : Spain s Culture1629 Words   |  7 PagesSpain s culture. Spain dominated the culture of the Roman Empire began to be formed in the Iberian Peninsula cultural form. In addition to language and religion, the influence of the Romans keeping up Spain across numerous areas of impact. But Spain s unique cultural progress made since the Foundation began to be rekongkiseuta. Muslim culture is a significant influence in the culture of Spain and its influence until the preserved 711 ~ 1400 years. Spanish is Latin and Arabic influences, whileRead MoreSpain Political Analysis1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe kingdom of Spain is roughly about 504,750 sq. km., including the Balearic and Canary islands (CIA). This land mass is roughly double the size of our state of Oregon. The country is located in Western Europe and borders the countries of; Andorra, France, Gibraltar, Portugal and Morocco (Ceuta and Melilla) (CIA). The country has roughly about 30% arable land and exports much of its agricultural products. The Spanish population is about 40.1 million people with about 1% growth rate (CIA). The

81253894 Ultrasound Physics Essay - 1171 Words

ULTRASOUND PHYSICS Name Institution a) Calculate the Acoustic impedance of subcutaneous tissue, muscle and bone. Assume subcutaneous tissue has a density of 1060kg/m3 (Hedrick 2003), muscle has a density of 1104kg/m3 (Madjor 2008) and bone has a density of 5065kg/m3 (Hedrick 2003). Give your answer in Mrayls. Please use speed of sound as 1540m/s for tissue, muscle and bone In ultrasound, Acoustic impedance (Z) is the quantity of measurement of resistance to sound when passing through a medium (Hedrick,HykesStarchman 2005, p.10). According to Gill (2012,p. 11) the equation for Acoustic impedance is Z=Ï c, where (Z=Acoustic impedance, Ï  =density of medium and c =velocity of beam). From this equation is understood that acoustic†¦show more content†¦In addition, as a result of high attenuation in bones, absorption of sound occurs resulting in vibration and friction and hence, sound energy loss. For these reasons, one should scan a liver through the intercostal spaces where little or no reflection occurs or under the ribs but not through the ribs. 2. Including a definition of pre and post processing, explain whether you would use read zoom or write zoom to image a gallbladder. Preprocessing refers to manipulation of scan information or data prior to storage in memory following scan conversion while post processing refers to manipulation of scan data after storage in the scan converter. Write zoom is associated with preprocessing while read zoom is associated with post processing (Schirber, 2013, pg. 110). In write zoom, the image is rewritten with more pixels than the initial image and thus the image is given more definition magnification. For read zoom, the image is magnified this is like enlarging a photo hence the image will only be bigger. Therefore, one should use write zoom to image a gall bladder since it gives more details and an image of high quality. 3. The most common type of transducer used for deep organ imaging such as the liver is a 6Mhz convex array. The most type of transducer for imaging a thyroid is a 15 Mhz linear array. Explain, with reference to both transducer shape (linear and convex) and frequency why this is so. A 6 Mhz convex array transducer has a wide footprint

Since even before President Barrack Obama’s Free Essays

Since even before President Barrack Obama’s first day in office, all eyes have been on him as a bastion of change and a way to get out of the economic conundrum America has gotten itself into. While the most recent presidents would have focused on the economy and how to revamp it, President Obama has taken the old school approach of fellow Democrat and former President Kennedy had employed during his term. His was a call to the whole population of America as well as to the leaders who direct its course – a call for action at the grassroots level of the country, while trying to shed light on his achievements and the direction he wants for Wall Street, Main Street and the whole country (Shear Branigin). We will write a custom essay sample on Since even before President Barrack Obama’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now President Obama’s speech focused on the â€Å"irresponsibility and poor decision-making† of America’s institutions and individual attitudes, labeling greed and quick-profits as the culprits to the economic wreck (â€Å"Full Text† par 6). He blames the mismanagement of the bigwigs of Wall Street trickling down to its rank and file memebers, the people’s wanton will to spend, and the insufficient policies of the government against the greedy behavior of the financial institutions (ibid par 3-7). He claims that these factors were the ones that started the domino-effect recession of America and affecting other countries’ economies as well. The case-in-point in his speech is that people should be more responsible and disciplined – not to live beyond their means and keep on spending and borrowing, but rather to get back to the basic values of saving and investing, and exporting rather than importing (ibid par 35). He believes that it is about time to lay down â€Å"a new foundation for growth and prosperity†¦built upon five pillars that will grow our economy and make this new century another American century† (ibid par 35-36). His vision is to have America continue as the world’s foremost nation in all aspects, especially economically, and bring back the trust of other nations. While he lamented about Wall Street’s and the financial corporate mogul’s attempts at gaining riches fast (therefore, costing them the future), he laid out his current plans and his plans for the future, though without detail. It was easy to get lost in the speech owing to the many things the President wants done in his term. It was like trying to solve every single problem that has plagued every past administration in one go. This is not to say that he’s bitten off more than he can chew and that he’s going to barf all of it in a matter of moments, that is a matter that only the future can say. What his speech suggests, however, is that the multitude of reforms that he envisions for America is not only a rebuilding of a rock-solid foundation, but also of renovating (though, I believe, not rebuilding as some critics would adamantly point out) the entire house. For sure, the speech has put to light many concerns that the country has had for the longest time, and Whitehouse believes that quick fixes, like those done in administrations past, are not enough to stop a roof from leaking when the storms come, much less get swept away by the winds and floods (Seib). Whether the president’s visions of a stronger America altogether remains to be seen, and, as the speech says, it depends on the people acting whether they can make things happen or not (â€Å"Full Text† par 61-62). A review of his speech tells us that it is up to the government to initiate reforms, but it is up to the people to reform themselves and help the government make the economic surgery a successful one. The speech has given people a new insight on America’s current economic situation (perhaps with the exception of his critics, opponents and those who reviled his act of covering Jesus’ name) that many are seeing the issue in a different light other than just pointing a finger at Wall Street. How to cite Since even before President Barrack Obama’s, Papers

The Works of Henry James free essay sample

You might remember the image from the first lecture on the module: 70th birthday portrait (1913) of HJ by John Singer Sargent in the National Portrait Gallery. PP2 Five years earlier, ‘The Jolly Corner’ was published in the English Review (December 1908). HJ first had the idea in August 1906. There are different definitions of the short story. But if we follow The Complete Tales of HJ, ed. by Leon Edel, it was HJ’s 108th published story. And he only had 5 left to write. So JC is very late HJ. He was 65 when it came out. He wasn’t to complete another novel, though he left two unpublished at his death on 28 February 1916 – The Ivory Tower and The Sense of the Past. In those last eight years his main achievements were the Prefaces to the NY edition, and two volumes of autobiography: A Small Boy and Others and Notes of a Son and Brother. We will write a custom essay sample on The Works of Henry James or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As I suggested last week, James’s Prefaces to the NY edition offer one important way of understanding Gothic literature. HJ wrote about the ghost story in the Preface to Vol XII (TS) and Vol XVII (the other ghost stories). PP3 But his Preface to an early novel, The American, is also relevant. HJ doesn’t mention Gothic, but he does talk – as Hawthorne and Walpole before him had done – about ‘romance’ (if you do The Romance of Fiction next year, you will probably return to this famous passage). James here draws a distinction between fiction which surrounds itself with ‘the air of romance’ and fiction which is anchored in ‘the element of reality’. There are no hard and fast distinctions here, and James says that writers like Scott, Balzac and Zola committed themselves both to romance and to realism: these `rich and mixed’ writers washed us `with the warm wave of the near and familiar and the tonic shock †¦ of the far and strange’. At a later point in the Preface he adds that `it is as difficult †¦ to trace the dividing-line between the real and the romantic as to plant a milestone between north and south’. We are coming at them from a different direction, maybe, but there should be some familiar themes here. Associating romance and mixture (and ambiguity): it looks like HJ is reformulating what Walpole was getting at right at the beginning of Gothic fiction: combining different impulses – the verisimilitude associated with the modern romance and the marvels of ancient romance. But HJ goes further in analysing the romantic. Not everything `far and strange’ qualifies as romance, he points out. It’s not a matter of boats, caravans, tigers or ghosts (or bats, or trapdoors, or castles). PP4 It’s not the kind of danger or the appreciation of danger which counts, HJ argues. It’s more a difference between ‘the real’, by which he means ‘the things we cannot possibly not know’ and the romantic ‘the things that, with all the facilities in the world †¦ we never can directly know; the things that can reach us only through the beautiful circuit and subterfuge of our thought and our desire’. Repeat and elaborate. Genre is defined not externally or in terms of the objects it contains, but internally and psychologically, in terms of particular kinds of experience. And there is another key point in James’s thinking about genre. Realism and romance are part of a spectrum – the names for different tendencies in a given work of fiction. In some cases both tendencies may be present. Realism relates to the things we know – aspects of universal human experience. Romance relates to the things we never can directly know, and these need not necessarily be obvious examples of the ‘far and strange’ like ghosts. And HJ sums up in a very famous passage: PP5 ‘The only general attribute of projected romance that I can see, the only one that fits all its cases, is the fact of the kind of experience with which it deals – experience liberated, so to speak; experience disengaged, disembroiled, disencumbered, exempt from the conditions that we usually know to attach to it. ’ ‘Experience disengaged’: this fits TS and JC – these tales are romances (or fairy tales or Gothic stories) because of the ‘kind of experience’ with which they deal. OK. As you have probably noticed, this is a very psychological take on romance: James is thinking about experience as the key factor. But he’s also thinking about technique. In the Preface to The American he goes on to discuss how a writer goes about creating a romance. It’s another very famous quotation in the field. PP6 ‘The greatest intensity may †¦ be arrived at †¦ when the sacrifice of community †¦ has not been too rash. [Romance] must to this end not too flagrantly betray itself; we must even be kept, if possible, for our illusion, from suspecting any sacrifice at all. The balloon of experience is in fact of course tied to the earth, and under that necessity we swing, thanks to a rope of remarkable length, in the more or less commodious car of the imagination; but it is by the rope we know where we are, and from the moment that cable is cut we are at large and unrelated †¦. The art of the romancer is, â€Å"for the fun of it,† insidiously to cut the cable, to cut it without our detecting him’. The romancer, the Gothic writer – we’ve seen this before with Poe – is striving for intensity. And in order to achieve this it’s as if HJ is saying that romance should be, or seem to be, anchored in reality. It loses intensity if we cut the cable at the beginning – or if the reader feels that the cable has been cut. TS would lose intensity without the real world setting, the device of the document, and the fidelity to verisimilitude. The story is set amidst the ‘near and familiar’, and this makes the arrival of the ‘far and strange’ more effective. And we could say something similar about JC. It’s a romance – it deals with ‘things that we never can directly know’ (in this case an alter ego which represents what Spencer Brydon might have become had he stayed in NY rather than spent his life in Europe). But it is set in a seemingly realistic and familiar world: NY, and Brydon’s family home. OK. I’ll come back to NY later in the lecture. But now I want to sketch out the main ways in which JC was read until at least the 1970s. Two influential accounts: PP7 Saul Rosenzweig, ‘The Ghost of Henry James’, Partisan Review 11. 4 (1944), 436-55 Leon Edel, The Life of Henry James (1972) Rosenzweig. Like Edmund Wilson, who claimed in 1934 that the governess in TS was a ‘case of neurotic sex repression’ and that the ghosts ‘are not real ghosts at all’ but merely the governess’s delusions. Both R and EW belong to the early American school of Freudian literary criticism. Rosenzweig. Reads fiction in the light of biography. Family experiences familiar to James. Henry James Snr’s ‘vastation’ (Society: The Redeemed Form of Man, 1879) and William James’s description of ‘a horrible fear of my own existence’ which connected itself with the image of a patient in an asylum ‘That shape am I, I felt, potentially’ (Varieties of Religious Experience, Lectures 6 and 7). But Rosenzweig is also thinking about James’s own traumatic experiences. HJ ghost stories linked by Rosenzweig to an injury experienced while putting out a fire in 1860, just before the outbreak of the American Civil War (back to early HJ tales). What connects these personal experiences? For Rosenzweig, J’s ghosts from the beginning tend to arise from paths not taken, futures not realised, other selves not lived. HJ and the ‘obscure hurt’ (described in Notes of a Son and Brother). A wound causes ‘passional death’ (eg ‘The Story of a Year’, 1865). The traumatic event, repeated again and again. James responds by writing fantasies in which characters achieve compensatory victories. HJ’s hurt = attempt to repeat his father’s own youthful injury. Oedipal (son v. father). It’s a case of castration anxiety, then. JC represents a return of the repressed – an attempt to achieve victory over another more ‘masculine’ self. HJ – the wounded young man who did not serve in the Civil War and at some level felt inadequate as a man. For R, HJ in writing JC was trying ‘to repair, if possible, the injury and to complete the unfinished experience of his youth. He was, as it were, haunted by the ghost of his own past. ’ Brydon’s alter ego = the man who stayed, who could perform a normative masculine role because he fought in the Civil War (he suffers the injury). So if the castration narrative is going to be resolved successfully, Brydon has to triumph over his alter ego. But for R. HJ unable to fantasize a satisfactory resolution for Brydon. Leon Edel. Influenced by Rosenzweig and makes particular reference to James’s youthful injury. Develops the idea of a compensatory fantasy of mastery, of masculinity retrieved and reasserted, with reference to a dream described by HJ in A Small Boy and Others PP8 It’s not clear exactly when HJ had this dream, but it was probably in later life. And the dream was set in the Galerie d’Apollon in the Louvre (contains Gericault’s painting ‘The Raft of the Medusa’). HJ, terrified, trying to defend himself against an assailant pushing open a door. Manages to turn the tables and finds his enemy fleeing before him: PP9 Routed, dismayed, the tables turned upon him by my so surpassing him for straight aggression and dire intention, my visitant was already but a diminished spot in the long perspective, the tremendous, glorious hall †¦ over the far-gleaming floor of which †¦ he sped for his life, while a great storm of thunder and lightning played through the deep embrasures of high windows at the right’. It was, J wrote in SBO, an `immens e hallucination’. HJ’s encounter and Brydon’s might be linked. But in HJ’s dream he is victorious and in JC Brydon collapses in a faint. An entry HJ’s notebook tells an even more interesting story. And it also tends to confirm the idea that the dream and the story are indeed linked. Because James at first describes his idea for JC as if it did indeed follow the triumphant trajectory of the dream: PP10 ‘My hero’s adventure †¦ takes the form so to speak of his turning the tables †¦ on a â€Å"ghost† or whatever, a visiting or haunting apparition otherwise qualified to appal him; and thereby winning a sort of victory by the appearance, and the evidence, that this personage or presence was more overwhelmingly affected by him than he by it’. OK. As we’ve seen, both Edel and Rosenzweig’s readings of JC are informed by Freudian theory. But to modern readers there are a number of problems with how these theories are being used: PP11 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœVulgar’ or `wild’ Freudianism – saying that explanatory factor is sex, as if that was the answer to everything. †¢Psychoanalysing characters – what sense does this make, really? They aren’t patients. What does a diagnosis mean? †¢Biographical readings of texts – are these really what we are trying to produce? Can we really psychoanalyse authors? Contemporary Freudian theory is more subtle: it tends to use psychoanalytical concepts to elucidate textual meaning without claiming that they explain characters or offer some privileged insight into author’s intention. So what other approaches might we take to JC? I said that the idea for JC came to James in August 1906. Between 1904 and 1905 he had, like Brydon, revisited US for the first time in a quarter of a century. And in 1907 he published an account of his travels, The American Scene. AS is now recognized as one of the great documents of late ‘gilded age’ US (1865-1914). And the relation between this text – between HJ’s visit to US and JC itself – is crucial. PP12 At one level, HJ’s first impression of NY = one of stark reality (if we define the real by external features, by objects). He talks of ‘the same old sordid facts, all the ugly items that had seemed destined so long ago to fall apart from their very cynicism †¦ the rude cavities, the loose cobbles, the dislodged supports, the unreclaimed pools, of the roadway; the unregulated traffic †¦ the corpulent constables †¦ red-faced, off their balance, as from too conscious an affinity with â€Å"saloon† civilization. But then HJ’s tone subtly changes. He talks of ‘some shy principle of picturesqueness’: NY reminds James of Naples, Tangiers or Constantinople. He becomes excited, thrilled even. HJ now begins to write about ‘the romantic †¦ circumstance of one’s having had to wait till now to read †¦ such meagre meanings as this into a page at which one’s geography might so easily have opened’. James is beginning to have an adventure: his experience of New York is an uncanny mixture of the real and the romantic, the things one cannot not know and the things that can only be imagined. New York is a place of money and power, railways and hotels, but also of ‘mystery’, of ‘wonder’ and also of ‘florid ghosts’ from the past. Something really strange has happened here. In HJ’s earlier work – up to and including TS – the place for ghosts and for romance (at least for an American tourist like HJ) was Europe. In ‘A Passionate Pilgrim’ (1871), for example, the character Clement Searle, an American, arrives in England hoping to establish his claim to an ancestral seat abandoned by one of his forebears. He falls in love with England – with the whole sense of the past. He feels that he is the double or ghost of his ancient forebear. At one point the narrator describes the following scene: PP13 ‘I heard the great clock in the little parlour below strike twelve, one, half-past one. Just as the vibration of this last stroke was dying on the air the door of communication with Searles room was flung open and my companion stood on the threshold, pale as a corpse, in his nightshirt, shining like a phantom against the darkness behind him. â€Å"Look well at me! † he intensely gasped; â€Å"touch me, embrace me, revere me! You see a man who has seen a ghost! †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ For the young James, Europe = romantic; America represents the reality he is trying to escape. To find transatlantic Gothic, one travelled east from New York or Boston to Paris or Rome. For James in his 60s, however, the relations have reversed: now it’s America which represents, beneath its obvious surface reality, possibilities of romance. To find the transatlantic gothic, one must go west. PP14 (Also used on New York, New York). Go to Open Hyperlink on right click. Subway 1905 briefly. Elevated railway 1905. Panorama from Times Square 1905. Meanwhile read pp. 74-5 of The American Scene: The aspect the power wears then is indescribable; it is the power of the most extravagant of cities, rejoicing, as with the voice of the morning, in its might, its fortune, its unsurpassable conditions, and imparting to every object and element, to the motion and expression of every floating, hurrying, panting thing, to the throb of ferries and tugs, to the plash of waves and the play of win ds and the glint of lights and the shrill of whistles and the quality and authority of breeze-borne criesall, practically, a diffused, wasted clamour of detonationssomething of its sharp free accent and, above all, of its sovereign sense of being backed and able to back. The universal applied passion struck me as shining unprecedentedly out of the composition; in the bigness and bravery and insolence, especially, of everything that rushed and shrieked; in the air as of a great intricate frenzied dance, half merry, half desperate, or at least half defiant, performed on the huge watery floor. This appearance of the bold lacing-together, across the waters, of the scattered members of the monstrous organismlacing as by the ceaseless play of an enormous system of steam-shuttles or electric bobbins (I scarce know what to call them), commensurate in form with their infinite workdoes perhaps more than anything else to give the pitch of the vision of energy. One has the sense that the monster grows and grows, flinging abroad its loose limbs even as some unmannered young giant at his larks, and that the binding stitches must for ever fly further and faster and draw harder; the future complexity of the web, all under the sky and over the sea, becoming thus that of some colossal set of clockworks, some steel-souled machine-room of brandished arms and hammering fists and opening and closing jaws. The immeasurable bridges are but as the horizontal sheaths of pistons working at high pressure, day and night, and subject, one apprehends with perhaps inconsistent gloom, to certain, to fantastic, to merciless multiplication. In the light of this apprehension indeed the breezy brightness of the Bay puts on the semblance of the vast white page that awaits beyond any other perhaps the black overscoring of science. ’ In New York in 1905, then, and a few years later in JC, HJ had begun to find his ghosts not in the Old World but the New. Uncannily, there is romance in the seemingly realistic, a new strangeness in what for HJ was known of old and long familiar. And we can see this uncanny reversal in JC too: PP15 Proportions and values were upside-down; the ugly things he had expected, the ugly things of his far-away youth, when he had too promptly waked up to a sense of the ugly – these uncanny phenomena placed him rather, as it happened, under the charm; whereas the †Å"swagger† things, the modern, the monstrous, the famous things †¦ were exactly his sources of dismay. ’ OK. What have we been thinking about so far? PP16 †¢JC and AS †¢Uncanny reversibility of real and romantic †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœCutting the cable’: modern NY and Brydon’s experience †¢Freudian themes: individual and family traumas, return of the repressed, alter ego, compensatory fantasy of power in Galerie d’Apollon dream if not in JC itself. We’ve also seen some of the limits of the Freudian approach. And we’ve gone outside this to begin to think about the story in its time and as a response to the huge phenomenon of NY itself (anybody doing NYNY? ). But what Freudian readings do bring to our attention, I think, is the theme of gender and in particular of masculinity. And I now want to pursue this in a more specifically biographical and historical context in the remainder of the lecture. PP17 Brydon – leisured self, European and aestheticized self seen in some ways as feminized self. In spite of his wound (castration? ), Brydon’s alter ego seems to incarnate a masculinity he can’t aspire to. And this brings us to some contemporary research on JC. In a recent article, Philip Horne proposes that JC has a more specific historical reference than has previously been recognised. Theodore Roosevelt and HJ met only 4 times. TR in a letter once called HJ ‘a miserable little snob’. Essay on ‘True Americanism’ (1894): PP18 ‘Thus it is with the undersized man of letters, who flees his country because he, with his delicate, effeminate sensitiveness, finds the conditions of life on this side of the water crude and raw; in other words, because he finds that he can not play a man’s part among men, and so goes where he will be sheltered from the winds that harden stouter souls. This emigre may write graceful and pretty verses, essays, novels; but he will never do work to compete with that of his brother, who is strong enough to stand on his own feet, and do his work as an American. ’ A coded attack on HJ as unpatriotic and unmanly. But who was Theodore Roosevelt and what did he stand for? Roosevelt self-consciously embodied ‘rugged masculinity’ in a series of political roles: as NY Police Commisioner 1895-7, Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1897-8, leader of the Rough Riders who invaded Cuba during the Spanish American War 1898 and subsequently, following the assassination of McKinley, as 26th President of the US, serving two terms between 1901 and 1909. (He is also one of the 4 Presidents carved into the side of Mount Rushmore). TR in office when HJ published JC. Roosevelt: well known in younger life as a boxer and hunter. And now, think of the language Brydon uses as he wanders around the house on the jolly corner in the depths of the night: he’s stalking, he’s on the track of big game. Then think of the final description of Brydon’s encounter with his alter ego: the man’s formal dress and, most particularly, his ‘dangling double eye-glass’. A TR trademark, as we can see in this image: PP19 Perhaps, then, HJ used the figure of TR to inform his portrait of Brydon’s other, the representative of a modern, acquisitive Americanism and of an active, violent masculinity. Brydon himself on the other hand stands, perhaps, for an alternative masculinity based on subtlety of perception and of consciousness.